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IFMCP - BIOENERGETICS EXAM 2024 ALREADY GRADED TO PASS!!
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IFMCP - BIOENERGETICS EXAM 2024 ALREADY GRADED TO PASS!!
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IFMCP -BIOENERGETICS EXAM
2024 ALREADY
GRADED TO PASS!!
IFMCP
Evatee 10/13/24 IFMCP
,IFMCP - BIOENERGETICS EXAM 2024
ALREADY GRADED TO PASS!!
Mitochondrial Functions Answer - Buffering calcium ion flux
Maintenance of ion gradients
Generation of ROS
Cell signaling
Growth regulation
Biosynthetic pathways
ATP synthesis - Energy!!!
Nutrients to support Mitochondrial Energy production Answer - - Carbs
-B1, 2, 3, 5, Lipoate
Fats
L- Carnitine
Proteins:
- B1, 2, 3, 5, Lipoate
Citric Acid Cycle
- Glutathione
- Iron
- Mg
- Manganese
- B1, 2, 3, 5, Lipoate
,- CoQ10
Energy Transporters
- Niacin
- Riboflavin
ETC
- Coenzyme Q10
- Vit C
- Vit K
- Alpha Lipoic acid
- Mg
- Phosphatidyl Choline
Acetyl Co- A
- Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Causes of Oxidative Stress Answer - Increased:
Caloric excess
Nitric Oxide
Propionate as SCFA
TNFa and inflammation
Glucotoxicity
Environmental Toxins (CN+CO in tobacco; pharmaceuticals, PCB's, pesticides,
toxic metals)
Decreased
, Folate + B vitamins
Mineral cofactors
CoQ10
Glutathione
Carnitine
NF-kB mediated Cellular Damage Answer - Oxidative stress--> NFkB-->
upregulation of stress and inflammation genes including iNOS--> increased
RNS, NO, ONO2---> Increased cellular damage
How does the body protect from ROS? Answer - 1) Enzymes
- catalase (Fe)
Superoxide dismutase -SOD (Zn, Cu, Mn)
Glutathione peroxidase (Se) and glutathione reductase
2) Dietary Antioxidants
- Vitamin C for aqueous compartments
- Vitamin E for lipid compartments
- Carotenoids, flavonoids, etc.
3) Endogenous anti-oxidant molecules
- glutathione, cysteine, CoQ10, lipoic acid, uric acid, cholesterol
Antioxidant Enzymes Answer - Superoxide Dismutase
(Superoxide--> Hydrogen Peroxide)
- Cytosolic SOD1 (Zn & Cu)
- Mitochondrial SOD2 (Mn)
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