PNB Final Exam UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
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Course
PNB
Institution
PNB
PNB Final Exam UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Neospinothalamatic tract - CORRECT ANSWER- Responsible for immediate awareness
of the exact location of the painful stimulus
Loss in cones - CORRECT ANSWER- color blindness
Loss in rods - CORRECT ANSWER- night blindness
More s...
PNB Final Exam UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Neospinothalamatic tract - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Responsible for immediate awareness
of the exact location of the painful stimulus
Loss in cones - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔color blindness
Loss in rods - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔night blindness
More sensitive to scatter light - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Rods
More sensitive to direct light - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Cones
Which requires more light to function - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Comes
Depolarization neurotransmitter released - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Dark
Hyper polarization neurotransmitters not released - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Light
When a rod cell in the eye is stimulated by light, - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔the
intracellular level of cGMP decreases
On bipolar cells - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Detect light objects in darker background
Off bipolar cells - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Detect dark objects in a lighter background
Hyper-polarized by glutamate - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔On bipolar
Depolarized by glutamate - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Off bipolar
,Diagram visual processing - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔1. Receptors (rods and cones)
2. Bipolar cells (basis for brightness and color contrasts)
3. Retinal ganglion (enhance contrast and the basis for movement)—> Cells axons = optic
nerve, p cells and m cells
4. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)- Recieves info about stimulus location and controst
- M pathways (movement). P-blob pathways (color). P interblob (form depth)
5. Primary visual cortex —> visual association areas
Damage to v4 - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔ACHROMATOPSIA: CANNOT PERCEIVE
COLOR
List the structures involved in sound transduction - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔1. Sound
waves arrive at the tympanic membrane
2. Movement of the tympanic memberane causes displacement of auditory ossicles
3. Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of
the vestibular duct
4. The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the
tympatic duct
5. Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells and bending of stereocili
against the tectorial membrane
6. Signals travel within the auditory nerve
How is a sound wave characterized? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Frequency and intensity
Describe the functions of inner and outer hair cells - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Innner hair
cells are the primary sensory receptors
Outer hair increase the amplitude and clarity of sound (shorten when depolarized)
What is proportional to the frequency of action potentials in hearing? - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔Loudness of the sound
, Describe how pitch and loudness are coded - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Frequency (pitch)
measured in hertz and intensity (loudness) measured in decimals
Function of the tympanic reflex - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Protection from loud sounds
The hair cells bend due to the... - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Sound waves moving the fluid
in the cochlea and the basilar membrane vibrating
Function of hair cells - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔convert movement of basilar membrane
into neural signals
Hair cells bending to tallest stereocilium - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Depolarize
Hair cells bending away from the tallest stereocilum - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Hyperpolarize
Types of hair cells - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔inner hair cells and outer hair cells
Endolymph - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear (high k+
and low Na+)
Perilymph - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔fluid that fills the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
(low k+ and high Na +)
In hyperpolarization of hair cells name the ion [. ] - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔High k+
outside, Ca channels closed, hair cells bend away
In depolarization of hair cells name the ion [. ] - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔K + enters the
hair cells, Ca channels open and calcium floods in, neurotransmitters released, hair cells
pointing towards tallest stereocilium
Explain what spatial coding is and predict the consequences if hair cells in a particular region
get damaged - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Hair cells that are damaged on the part of the
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