NCE / CPCE STUDY SETS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS 2024/2025
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NCE /CPCE
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NCE /CPCE
NCE / CPCE STUDY SETS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS 2024/2025
continuous development
view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills
discontinuous development
view that development takes place in unique stages, wh...
view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills
discontinuous development
view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages
Nature vs. Nurture
Do genes (nature) or environmental factors (nurture) contribute more to a person's being?
prenatal
conception to birth
Infancy / Child
Birth to 2 years- Changes in the brain and body, motor skills, perceptual, intellectual strengthens, 1st
intimate ties to other people
early childhood
2-6 years, Play years, refined motor skills, thought and language expand quickly, sense or morality
strengthens, build ties with other children.
,middle childhood
6-11 years, improved athletic ability, more logical thought processes, mastery of basic literacy skills,
advancing in self-understanding, morality, friendship, begin peer-group relationships.
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence from
family, sexual maturity, abstract thinking, school achievement is important, defining personal
values/goals.
- Parietal lob develops around age 16
- Death rates by injury between ages 15-19 are six times higher than between ages of 10 -14
- The adolescent brain is about 80% developed
early Adulthood
18 - 40 years, leave home, complete education, full time work, concerns are developing around career,
forming intimate partnership, marrying, and rearing children.
middle adulthood
40-65 years, height of careers, help children being independent lives, awareness of mortality arises.
Late Adulthood
65+, death looms, retirement, decrease in health
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
1. British biologist who wrote "On the Origin of Species"
2. Challenged the idea of special creation by proposing a revolutionary theory of biological evolution
3. Concluded that every living plant and animal takes a part in a constant "struggle for existence" in
,which only the "fittest" survive
4. Argued that the fittest are determined by a process of natural selection
G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
Set up first psychological laboratory in North America; focused on development and education. Founded
the American Journal of Psychology and pioneered the study of child development
normative approach
Launched by G. Stanley Hall and Arnold Greseli. Measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of
individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development.
PROVIDES A TIMETABLE OF EXPECTED DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS AT CERTAIN AGES.
psychosexual stages of development (Freud)
four distinct stages of the development of the self between birth and adulthood, according to Freud;
personality quirks are a result of being fixated, or stuck, at any stage: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
founder of psychoanalysis, a controversial theory about the workings of the unconscious mind: Id, Ego,
Superego
Id (Pleasure-pain principle)
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and
aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle-pain, demanding immediate gratification.
Ego (Reality principle)
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the
demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's
, desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. The fulcrum in the seesaw
metaphor, balancing the id and the superego.
Superego (Ego Ideal, Conscience)
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for
judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Oral Stage (0-18 months)
stage focuses on pleasure on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing (attachment is a major factor)
Anal Stage (18-36 months)
pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
stage focuses on pleasure zone in the genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings (Oedipus Complex)
identification
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing
superegos
Latency Stage (6-puberty)
A phase of dormant sexual feelings, superego strengthens as the child acquires new social values from
adults and same-sex partners.
Genital Stage (puberty on)
sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
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