CCT PRACTICE FINAL EXAM |BRAND NEW 100% GUARANTEED SUCCESS|BRAND NEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ALL GRADED A+.
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CCT PRACTICE FINAL EXAM |BRAND NEW 100% GUARANTEED SUCCESS|BRAND NEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ALL GRADED A+.
endocardium - ANSWER-The inner most layer of the heart. It forms the lining and folds back onto itself to form the 4 valves. It is in this layer that the conduct...
CCT PRACTICE FINAL EXAM 2024-
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endocardium - ANSWER-✅The inner most layer of the heart. It forms the lining and
folds back onto itself to form the 4 valves. It is in this layer that the conduction
system is found
Myocardium - ANSWER-✅The middle and contractile layer of the heart. It is made
up of striated m fibers interspersed with intercalated disks.
Epicardium - ANSWER-✅The outermost layer of the heart. It is actually the inner
(viseral) layer of the pericardium.
The Pericardium - ANSWER-✅Is a sac in which the heart is contained. It consists of
the outermost fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium which consists of a
visceral and parietal portion. The visceral layer invests the heart and is also called the
epicardium. The parietal layers lines the fibrous pericardium. Between the visceral
and parietal layers is a serous fluid which serves to prevent friction as the heart
beats.
Right Atrium - ANSWER-✅Receives deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from
the body via the superior vena cava which carries blood from the upper body and
the inferior vena cava which carries blood from the lower body
Right Ventricle - ANSWER-✅Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium
which is pumps to the lungs fro oxygenation through the pulmonary artery (trunk) to
the right and left pulmonary arteries
The Pulmonary Arteries - ANSWER-✅The only arteries in the body that carry
deoxygenated blood.
, Left Atrium - ANSWER-✅Receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs via
the right and left pulmonary veins.
The pulmonary veins - ANSWER-✅Are the only veins in the body that carry
oxygenated blood
Left Ventricle - ANSWER-✅Receives the oxygenated blood from the left atrium and
pumps it to the body through the aorta, the largest artery of the body
The heart is actually ... - ANSWER-✅A 2- sided separated by a septum. The upper
chambers consist of the right and left atria, the lower chambers are the right and left
ventricles. The chambers pump simultaneously - both atria contract together, then
the two ventricles.
The Heart Valves - ANSWER-✅The purpose of the heart valves is to prevent back-
flow of blood thereby assuring uni-directional flow thru the heart
The atrioventricular valves (AV) - ANSWER-✅So-called because they are located
between the atria and the ventricles
Tricuspid valve - ANSWER-✅Located between the right atrium and the right
ventricle. As the name connotes, it has three cusps.
Mitral valve - ANSWER-✅Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It
has two cusps and its also called the bicuspid valve
The semilunar valves - ANSWER-✅They have half-moon shaped cusps
Pulmonic valve - ANSWER-✅Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary
trunk
Aortic valve - ANSWER-✅Located between the left ventricle and aorta
Heart murmurs - ANSWER-✅Are caused by diseases of the valves or other structural
abnormalities
S1 - ANSWER-✅The first heart sound is due to the closure of the mitral and tricuspid
valves
S2 - ANSWER-✅Second heart sound is due to the closure of the aortic and pulmonic
valves
Vessels of the heart - ANSWER-✅The arteries supplying the heart are the right and
left coronary from the aorta. The veins accompany the arteries, and terminate in the
right atrium.
, The heart is influenced by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - ANSWER-✅Which
is subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system - ANSWER-✅Affects both the atria and the ventricles
by increasing heart rate, conduction and irritability
Parasympathetic Nervous System - ANSWER-✅Affects the atria only by decreasing
heart rate, conduction and irritability
Primary characteristics of cardiac cells. Automaticity: - ANSWER-✅This is the ability
of the cardiac pacemaker cells to spontaneously initiate their own electrical impulse
without being stimulated from another source. Sites that possess this characteristic
are the SA node, AV junction, and the Purkinje fibers.
Primary characteristics of cardiac cells. Excitability: - ANSWER-✅Also referred to as
irritability. This characteristic is shared by all cardiac calls and it is the ability to
respond to external stimulus: electrical, chemical, and mechanical
Primary characteristics of cardiac cells. Conductivity: - ANSWER-✅This is the ability
of all cardiac cells to receive and electrical stimulus and transmit the stimulus to the
other cardiac cells
Primary characteristics of cardiac cells. Contractility: - ANSWER-✅This is the ability
of the cardiac cells to shorten and cause cardiac muscle contraction in response to
an electrical stimulus. This characteristic can be enhanced through administration of
certain medications, such as digitalis, dopamine, and epinephrine.
*****memorize heart photo***** - ANSWER-✅
Depolarization and Repolarization - ANSWER-✅Resting cardiac cells are negatively
charges inside as compared to the outside. When a cardiac cell is stimulated, sodium
ions rush into the cell and potassium leaks out, changing into positive the charge
within. This electrical event is called depolarization and is expected to result in
contraction. Depolarization flows from the endocardium to the myocardium to the
epicardium.
During cell recovery, ions shift back to their original places and the cell recovers the
negative charge inside. This is repolarization, and proceeds from the epicardium
towards the endocardium. It results in myocardial relaxation.
SA node - ANSWER-✅Found in the upper posterior portion of the right atrial wall
just below the opening of the superior vein cave. It is the primary pacemaker of the
heart and has a normal firing rate of 60-100 beats per min.
Internodal Pathways - ANSWER-✅Consists of anterior, middle and posterior division
that distribute electrical impulse generated by the SA node throughout the right and
left atria to the atrioventricular (AV) node.
, AV Junction: AV Node - ANSWER-✅Located at the posterior septal wall of the right
atrium just above the tricuspid valve. There is a 1/10th of a second delay of electrical
activities at this level to allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles.
AV Junction: Bundle of His - ANSWER-✅Found at the superior portion of the
interventricular septum, it is the pathway that leads out of the SA node. It has an
ability to initiate electrical impulses with an intrinsic firing rate of 40-60 beats per
min
Bundle Branches - ANSWER-✅Located at the interventricular septum, the bundle of
His divides into the right and left bundle branches, the function of which is ton
conduct the electrical impulse to the Purkinje fibers.
Purkinje Fibers - ANSWER-✅Found within the ventricular endocardium, it consists
of network of small conduction fibers that delivers the electrical impulses to the
ventricular myocardium. This network has the ability to initiate electrical impulses
and act as a pacemaker if the higher level pacemakers fail. The intrinsic firing rate is
20-40 beats per min.
Limb leads - ANSWER-✅Consist of three bipolar leads and three augmented leads.
These leads record electrical potentials in the frontal plane.
Electrodes are usually applied just above the wrists or upper arms and ankles
although the electrical potential recorded will be the same no matter where the
electrode is placed in the extremity.
Bipolar Standard Leads - ANSWER-✅Electrodes are applied to the left arm (LA) the
right arm (RA) and the left leg (LL). Leads are then applied to their respective
electrodes. Electrode and lead are also applied to the right leg which acts as a
ground (or reference lead) and has no role in production of the electrocardiogram.
Lead I - ANSWER-✅The left arm is positive and the right arm is negative (LA-RA)
Lead II - ANSWER-✅The left leg is positive and the right arm is negative (LL - RA)
Lead III - ANSWER-✅The left leg is positive and the left arm is negative (LL - LA)
Augmented Unipolar Lead - ANSWER-✅They are designed as a aVR, aVL, and aVF.
These leads are unipolar and they require only one electrode from one limb to make
a lead. The EKG machine uses a midpoint between the two other limbs as a negative
reference point.
Lead aVR - ANSWER-✅The right arm is positive and the other limbs are negative
Lead aVL - ANSWER-✅The left arm is positive and the other limbs are negative
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