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HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024
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HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024
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HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL EXAMWhat is the primary mechanism that acts to down-regulate activation of T cells in
lymph nodes? - ANSWERS-T cells upregulate CTLA-4; CTLA-4 binds to B7
molecules with high affinity, which blocks signal 2 by preventing B7-CD28
interaction.
What mechanism limits activation of T cells in the tissue? - ANSWERS-T cells
upregulate PD-1; when PD-1 is bound by its ligand the T cells become exhausted.
B cells primarily present antigen to - ANSWERS-CD4+ T cells.
What are the primary antigen presenting cells that are necessary to initiate
collaboration between T and B cells in the lymph node? (select two answers) -
ANSWERS-dendritic cells
B cells
When B cell receptors are bound by antigen, signals are generated in the B cell so
that it will express a certain molecule that promotes migration to the T cell zone
of lymph nodes. What is the name of this molecule? - ANSWERS-CCR7
If a B cell receptor is specific for a protein antigen, how does the B cell present
peptides derived from that protein antigen on MHC class II molecules? -
ANSWERS-B cells take up protein antigens that bind to their B cell receptor by
,receptor-mediated endocytosis. These antigens are processed into peptides
inside the cell and displayed on MHC class II.
What surface molecule interactions are required for T cells to provide help to B
cells? (select two answers) - ANSWERS-- T cell receptors interact with peptide-
MHC class II complexes
- CD40L interacts with CD40
Germinal center reaction results in - ANSWERS-class switching from IgM to IgG
antibody affinity increases
CXCR5 function - ANSWERS-Promote the migration of B cells and follicular T cells
into the B cell follicle
Cells of germinal center reaction - ANSWERS-Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)
Follicular helper T cells (TFH)
Activated B cells
The germinal center reaction generates new cell types from antigen specific B
cells that have gained certain functions. What are these cells? (select two
answers) - ANSWERS-Long-lived plasma cells
Memory B cells
,What are the signals provided by TFH cells that promote germinal center-specific
changes to B cells? (select two answers) - ANSWERS-cytokines
CD40L
Somatic Hypermutation - ANSWERS-In response to TFH signals, B cells undergo
high rates of mutation in the variable regions of Ig heavy and light chain genes.
contributes to changes in the B cell receptor antigen binding site
In germinal centers, follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) display protein antigens that
bind to B cell receptors of B cells. How does this contribute to the germinal center
reaction? - ANSWERS-B cells that express immunoglobulin receptors with high
affinity for those antigens can bind the antigens, and they are rescued from
apoptosis.
Complement Activation - ANSWERS-IgM and IgG
Mast cell activation - ANSWERS-IgE
Neutralization - ANSWERS-IgA, IgG
Class switch recombination occurs in - ANSWERS-Constant region of Ig heavy
chain genes
class switching - ANSWERS-Does not change antibody affinity
, Helper T cells can perform their effector functions in multiple different locations.
What immune function is likely to be activated by helper T cells in secondary
lymphoid organs? - ANSWERS-the germinal center reaction
Which of the statements below best describes the migration of effector T cells to
sites of infection in the tissue? - ANSWERS-Helper T cells (Th) and cytotoxic T cells
can exit lymph nodes and enter the blood circulation. They migrate into tissue via
the same inflammatory steps that lead to the migration of circulating monocytes
and neutrophils.
A researcher studies Crohn's disease. She has access to a 'mouse model' of
Crohn's disease. As they mature, the mice develop an inflammatory condition
that strongly resembles this disease. Before the mice mature and develop the
disease, she injects some of the mice with a neutralizing antibody that targets
interferon-γ (anti-IFN-γ). Assuming that the causes of this disease are similar in
mice and humans, what effect would you expect this treatment to have on the
severity of the disease? - ANSWERS-Crohn's disease is thought to be a Th1-
mediated condition. Recall that IFN-γ is a major Th1 cytokine. A neutralizing
antibody blocks IFN-γ function. Blocking IFN-γ reduces the severity of this disease
in mouse models.
Th1 - ANSWERS-intracellular pathogens
Th2 - ANSWERS-Helminths (worms)
Th17 - ANSWERS-extracellular bacteria and fungi
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