Exam 4: NSG 530 Advanced Pathophysiology
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Questions with Verified Answers - Wilkes. i- i- i- i- i- i-
What three labs are immediately drawn when an individual is suspected
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to have a pulmonary embolism?
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Two factors that increase risk of formation of enteroceles: ____ and
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______ obesity, age i-i- i- i-
True/false: chest x-ray findings are nonspecific in pulmonary embolism
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and often can be normal for the first 24 hours until atelectasis occurs in
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the lung.
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The serum ____ level measures a product of thrombus degradation by
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the fibrinolytic system and, if normal, makes the presence of a PE highly
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unlikely. d-dimer i-i- i-
Common clinical manifestations of a ________ in older adults include
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confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort.
i- urinary tract i- i- i- i- i-i- i- i- i-
infection
infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including ureter, renal
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pelvis, and kidney interstitium
i- pyelonephritis i- i- i-i- i-
,____ and _____ (vesicoureteral reflux) are the most common underlying
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risk factors for development of pyelonephritis.
i- urinary obstruction,
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reflux of urine from the bladder
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What are the three most common microorganisms associated with acute
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pyelonephritis? E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas i-i- i- i- i- i-
Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the pH scale increases the risk of stone
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formation. alkaline i-i- i-
Microorganisms split urea into ____, which makes the urine more i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i-
alkaline and therefore increases risk of stone formation.
i- ammonia
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Painful bladder syndrome, also termed ______, is a condition that
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includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
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interstitial cystitis i-
The exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC)
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is unknown, but a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible for the
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inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation, altered i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i-
epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory
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nerve sensitivity.i- autoimmune i-i- i-
_______ infectious cystitis includes viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, and
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fungal causes of the condition.
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,_____ cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and
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hypersensitivity causes of the condition. noninfectious i- i- i- i- i-i- i-
Diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is done by these two lab tests:
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_____ and ______, as well as the clinical signs and symtpoms.
i- i- urine i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i-i- i- i-
culture, urinalysis i-
_______ casts indicate a diagnosis of pyelonephritis, rather than cystitis.
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However, these are not always present. white blood cell
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Reduced glomerular filtration rate during glomerular disease is
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evidenced by elevated plasma _______, ______ concentration, or
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reduced ______ clearance. urea, creatinine, renal creatinine
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____ includes renal diseases in which glomerular inflammation is caused
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by immune mechanisms that damage the glomerular capillary filtration
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membrane including the endothelium, basement membrane, and
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epithelium (podocytes). acute glomerulonephritisi- i-i- i- i-
The classic symptoms of ______ include sudden onset of hematuria
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including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic
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syndrome), and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also
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accompanied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function. i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i-i- i-
acute glomerulonephritis
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, Nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein in the
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urine per day.
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_____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of albumin per day.
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hypoalbuniemia
______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in the urine each day,
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hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema. i- i- i- i- i-i- i-
nephrotic syndrome i-
Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury.
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____ causes of nephrotic syndrome include minimal change disease,
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membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental
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glomerulosclerosis. primary i-i- i-
______ forms of nephrotic syndrome occur in systemic diseases
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including diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus
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erythematosus. secondary i-i- i-
True/false: acute kidney injury may be reversible.
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