Step 1 - Rapid Review + Goljan +
Pathoma High Yield
.___ accumulation causes cataracts, neuropathy, retinopathy in DM - ANSWER-Sorbitol
.___ activates glycogen phosphorylase - ANSWER-Glucagon
.___ activates glycogen synthase - ANSWER-Insulin
.___ and ___ enhance Na/K-ATPase; >> hypokalemia - ANSWER-Albuterol, Insulin
.___ and ___ inhibit Na/K-ATPase; >> hyperkalemia - ANSWER-B-Blockers, Succinylcholine
.___ and ___ require a carrier protein to cross membrane - ANSWER-Charged molecules and ions
.___ cannot exit the mitochondria and must be converted into malate - ANSWER-OAA
.___ converts homocysteine to methionine in odd-chain fatty acid metabolism - ANSWER-Cobalamin
(B12)
.___ deficiency due to alcoholism and INH - ANSWER-Pyridoxine (B6)
.___ deficiency due to alcoholism and undernourishment - ANSWER-Thiamine (B1)
.___ deficiency due to Hartnup's disease, carcinoid syndrome - ANSWER-Niacin (B3)
.___ deficiency due to lack of dairy products or general malnourishment - ANSWER-Riboflavin (B2)
.___ deficiency due to pernicious anemia, chronic pancreatitis, vegan diet - ANSWER-Cobalamin (B12)
,.___ deficiency due to TPN - ANSWER-Copper, Chromium, Selenium
.___ deficiency: bleeding diathesis, ecchymoses - ANSWER-Vitamin K
.___ deficiency: decreased reduced glutathione, hemolytic anemia from oxidizing drugs - ANSWER-G6PD
.___ deficiency: dental caries - ANSWER-Fluoride
.___ deficiency: dermatitis, alopecia, glossitis, lactic acidosis - ANSWER-Biotin
.___ deficiency: dermatitis, slow healing, hair loss - ANSWER-Essential fatty acid deficiency
.___ deficiency: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia - ANSWER-Niacin (B3) def = Pellagra
.___ deficiency: glossitis, stomatitis, cheilosis - ANSWER-Riboflavin (B2)
.___ deficiency: goiter - ANSWER-Iodine
.___ deficiency: hemolytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy - ANSWER-Vitamin E
.___ deficiency: hypocalcemia, tetany, tachycardia - ANSWER-Magnesium
.___ deficiency: increased homocysteine, increased urinary methylmalonic acid - ANSWER-Cobalamin
(B12)
.___ deficiency: lactic acidosis, decreased acetyl CoA, early death - ANSWER-Pyruvate dehydrogenase
deficiency
,.___ deficiency: macrocytic anemia, methylmalonic acidemia - ANSWER-Cobalamin (B12)
.___ deficiency: mental status changes, convulsion, cerebral edema - ANSWER-Sodium
.___ deficiency: microcytic anemia, dissecting aortic aneurysms, poor wound healing - ANSWER-Copper
.___ deficiency: muscle weakness, polyuria, U waves - ANSWER-Potassium
.___ deficiency: muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis, hemolytic anemia - ANSWER-Phosphate
.___ deficiency: night blindness, poor wound healing, follicular hyperkeratosis - ANSWER-Vitamin A
(retinol)
.___ deficiency: poor wound healing, loss of taste and smell - ANSWER-Zinc
.___ deficiency: sideroblastic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, convulsions - ANSWER-Pyridoxine (B6)
.___ deficiency: tetany, osteoporosis - ANSWER-Calcium
.___ excess: decreased synth of Vit-K coagulation factors - ANSWER-Vitamin E
.___ excess: hemolytic anemia, jaundice in newborns - ANSWER-Vitamin K
.___ excess: hypercalcemia, renal calculi - ANSWER-Vitamin D
.___ excess: increase intracranial pressure, liver toxicity, bone pain - ANSWER-Vitamin A (retinol)
.___ excess: ringed sideroblasts - ANSWER-Iron overload
, .___ excess: T-waves - ANSWER-Potassium
.___ excess: Wilson's Disease - ANSWER-Copper
.___ excess/poisoning: hemorrhagic gastritis, liver necrosis - ANSWER-Iron
.___ fatty acids contain one or more double bonds - ANSWER-Unsaturated
.___ fatty acids lack double bonds - ANSWER-Saturated
.___ fiber: decreases transit time, decreases exposure to carcinogens - ANSWER-Insoluble fiber
.___ fiber: increases favorable bacteria, decreases serum cholesterol level - ANSWER-Soluble fiber
.___ inhibited by digitalis; causes increase in cytosolic [Ca] and increased force of contraction - ANSWER-
Na/Ca antiporter
.___ is a substrate for gluconeogenesis and TG synthesis - ANSWER-Glycerol 3-P
.___ must be added to diets in PKU - ANSWER-Tyrosine
.___ need IV thiamine before infusion fluids with glucose - ANSWER-Alcoholics
.___ protects erythrocytes from oxidative damage leading to hemolysis - ANSWER-Vitamin E
.___ reacts with bilirubin to produce conjugated bilirubin - ANSWER-Glucuronic acid
.___________ occurs due to the dec conversion of Beta-carotenes into retinoic acid in the intestine -
ANSWER-Beta-carotenemia
