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PNB 2274 Final Exam Review Latest Questions And Answers 2024/2025 Updates
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PNB 2274 Final Exam Review Latest Questions And Answers 2024/2025 Updates
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PNB 2274 Final Exam Review Latest Questions Andanatomy ANS how does it look?
physiology ANS what does it do?
gross anatomy ANS structures you can see with the naked eye
microscopic anatomy ANS structures you can only see with magnification, cells/ tissues
anatomy position ANS standing upright, palms facing out, feet on the floor, facing forward
anterior ANS orientation term, front
posterior ANS orientation term, back
ventral ANS orientation term, front (animal)
dorsal ANS orientation term, back (animal)
medial ANS orientation term, towards the middle
lateral ANS orientation term, towards the side
proximal ANS orientation term, close to
distal ANS orientation term, far from
,coronal plane ANS frontal plane
transverse plane ANS horizontal plane
midsaggital plane ANS middle plane
homeostasis ANS the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment, though
the external environment changes
reflex control ANS long distance control of homeostasis, using either neural or hormonal signals
local control ANS control of homeostasis at a cellular level, isolated changes in a few cells or a
tissue (i.e. environment of the cell, fluid level, etc)
input, controller, output ANS 3 major components of homeostatic mechanism
input ANS the signal of the homeostatic mechanism; something is changing and needs to be
adjusted; stimulus detected by a sensor
controller ANS aka integrating center, makes a decision about what to do about the stimulus,
often the CNS
output ANS in homeostatic mechanism, this signal is how the correction is made. Needs a target
or effector
set point ANS in homeostatic mechanisms, this range determines what is within healthy
boundaries. A high enough error will result in an output. Can be modified (i.e. fever to combat
infection)
insulin ANS lowers blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis
,glucagon ANS increases blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis
negative feedback ANS feedback loops that works to return the state of the organism back to the
set point. Maintains homeostasis by counteracting disruption. Self terminating
Positive feedback ANS feedback loops that amplify the stimulus, output is fed back into the
system to increase output. These do not shut themselves off, require outside factors
positive feedback ANS Hormone control during childbirth, lactation, and blood clotting are
examples of this type of feedback
negative feedback ANS glucose levels, heart rate, etc. are examples of this type of feedback
phospholipid bilayer ANS composed of hydrophobic tails and heads; fluid mosaic; forms the
plasma membrane. Serves as a physical barrier, gateway for exchange, communication, and
attachment site
passive transport ANS transport that requires no extra energy; movement occurs randomly from
areas of high concentration to low concentration
active transport ANS transport that requires energy typically in the form of ATP; molecules are
moved from areas of low concentration to high concentration, AGAINST concentration gradient
simple diffusion ANS random motion of molecules in solution that results in spread of molecules
from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Net movement until the concentrations are
equal. Can occur in open system or across partition (plasma membrane)
flux ANS how much does a concentration drop over a distance; overall flow
, Fick's Law ANS describes the movement of molecules in 1 dimension. The overall flow is the
negative of the product of the diffusion coefficient and concentration gradient
Temperature, friction, area, membrane permeability, membrane thickness, concentration gradient
ANS factors that affect the rate of diffusion
increased ANS increased temperature results in ____________ rate of diffusion
decreased ANS increased friction results in ___________ rate of diffusion
increased ANS steep concentration gradient results in ___________ rate of diffusion
(2Dt)^1/2 ANS root mean squared distance in 1 dimension
(4Dt)^1/2 ANS root mean squared distance in 2 dimensions
(6Dt)^1/2 ANS root mean squared distance in 3 dimensions
osmosis ANS diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane that is permeable to
water
high ANS cells with high ion concentrations have ________ osmotic pressure
channel mediated ANS aka facilitated diffusion; provides a pathway for things to flow in/out
that's not the membrane itself. channels/ transporters
bulk filtration ANS movement of large groups of molecules, typically with water. Everything
flows together, often as a result of pressure changes
100 micrometers ANS most cells are within _____________ of a capillary
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