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IBHRE Review questions and answers graded A+ 2025/2026
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IBHRE Review questions and answers graded A+ 2025/2026
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IBHRE ReviewAV Node Reentry Tachycardia (AVNRT) - ANS- money owed for ~60% of arrhythmias
providing as SVT or paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT)
- influences all age groups and genders equally
- no correlation with coronary heart disease
- coronary heart rate one hundred fifty-250 bpm, palpitations, mild-headedness,
near-syncope, narrow QRS complex
rheobase - ANSlowest factor on a strength duration curve at an infinitely lengthy pulse
duration; for cardiac pacing, the rheobase is normally reached between 1-2ms
chronaxie time - ANSpulse width at twice the rheobase value
approximates maximum green stimulation pulse period
motion potential - ANSthe cellular traits of depolarization and repolarization
5 levels (0-four)
segment zero - ANSdepolarization, rapid Na+ channels open, resting capacity (-90mV) to
~0mV
section 1 - ANSearly repolarization; top of depolarization
segment 2 - ANSthe "plateau section", mediated by means of slow Ca2+ channels, disrupts
and delays the repolarization began in segment 1 and prolongs refractory
section three - ANSend of repolarization
section four - ANSresting section, leaking of K+ and Na+
silicone rubber insulation - ANSpros:
- may be without difficulty repaired
- flexible
- confirmed performance history
- easy to provide
cons:
- excessive friction coefficient
- absorbs lipids
- extra thrombogenic & fibrotic
- cuts & tears easily
- huge diameter (relatively)
polyurethane 80A (pellethane) - ANSpros:
, - incredibly nonthrombogenic
- thinner partitions, bendy
- more difficult, abrasion resistant
- resists slicing
- low friction coefficient
cons:
- unfavourable records
- toughness <7 years
- not repairable
- very process-dependent
recalled in 1995 by the FDA for inner insulation failure due to metal ion oxidation (MIO)
polyurethane 55D (pellethane) - ANSpros:
- proven history
- longevity >12 years
- easy to process
- very tear-resistant and difficult
- thinner partitions
- abrasion resistant
cons:
- less bendy
- not repairable
elevated polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) - ANSGoretex-kind material that has been shown
to enhance the ease of extraction due to decreasing the diploma of fibrous ingrowth, mainly
on stunning coils
execs:
- electrically inert and does not impact DFTs
- strong biomaterial/ chemically inert
- excessive tear energy
- low friction coefficient
- small lead diameter
- less fibrotic
cons:
- stiff when >0.003"
- extra susceptible to creep
- hard to fabricate w/o pinholes
environmental pressure cracking (ESC) - ANScracks or crazing that happens in
polyurethane in reaction to certain chemical compounds and external stresses
oxidation takes place secondary to cell adhesion
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