USMLE Problem set study Exam Questions and Correct Answers Guaranteed Success 2024/2025
7 views 0 purchase
Course
USMLE
Institution
USMLE
USMLE Problem set study Exam Questions and Correct Answers Guaranteed Success 2024/2025
What is the most common cause of heart failure in developed countries? - correct answer repeated bouts of myocardial ischemia
When do we most commonly (or typically for Step 1) hear an S3 ventricular gal...
USMLE Problem set study Exam
Questions and Correct Answers
Guaranteed Success 2024/2025
What is the most common cause of heart failure in developed
countries? - correct answer repeated bouts of myocardial
ischemia
When do we most commonly (or typically for Step 1) hear an S3
ventricular gallop? - correct answer in patients with left
ventricular systolic failure or restrictive cardiomyopathy
When does S3 heart sound happen? - correct answer
immediately following S2 during phase of rapid passive
ventricular filling
How do we best auscultate an S3 gallop? - correct answer with
the bell of the stethoscope at the ventricular apex
What 2 physical examination maneuvers can help bring out an S3
more audibly? - correct answer (1) lying the patient in a left
lateral decubitus position
(2) ask the patient to exhale completely while in that position by
decreasing the volume of the lungs and bringing heart closer to
the chest wall
Summarize the key facts of the S3 sound or S3 gallop. - correct
answer An S3 sound is a low frequency sound that can be
,physiologic in younger individuals, but typically pathologic in
older adults. In older adults, it results from left ventricular
systolic failure or restrictive cardiomyopathy. The S3 sound can
be accentuated by having the patient lie in the left lateral
decubitus position and fully exhale.
What are the characteristic ECG findings of a patient in A-fib? -
correct answer (1) absent P waves replaced with chaotic f
(fibrillatory) waves
(2) irregularly irregular R-R intervals
(3) narrow QRS complexes
What causes ventricular contraction rate in a patient in atrial
fibrillation? - correct answer Atrial fibrillation occurs due to
irregular, chaotic electrical activity within the atria
Some of the atrial impulses are transmitted to the ventricles, but
most are not.
This is due to the AV nodal refractory period.
What three pathologies do we associate a holosytolic murmur
with? - correct answer (1) tricuspid regurgitation
(2) mitral regurgitation
(3) ventricular septal defect
Does more or less blood return to the right heart during
inspiration? Why? - correct answer More blood returns
,because during inspiration intrathoracic pressure drops, allowing
more blood to return to the right heart
How do we differentiate a holosystolic murmur? I.e., how do we
know if it's tricuspid valve regurgitation vs. Mitral regurgitation
vs. Ventricular septal defect? - correct answer A tricuspid
regurgitation murmur would be expected to increase in intensity
during inspiraiton, while the other two would not
Summarize the cardiac findings in a patient with a tricuspid
valve regurgitation. - correct answer A holosystolic murmur
that increase in intensity on inspiration most likely represents
tricuspid regurgitaiton.
How do arterial baroreceptors monitor systemic blood pressure?
- correct answer Baroreceptors sense arterial wall stretch,
which is an indicator of systemic pressure in arterial circulation.
When stimulated by:
(1) stretch: nerves innvervating those baroreceptors increase
firing --> blood pressure decrease through peripheral
vasodilation and decreased cardiac output
(2) hypotension: decreased baroreceptor signaling --> releases
inhibition of vasoconstrictor center and increases blood pressure
Which two nerves monitor the baroreceptors in the neck? -
correct answer Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) & Vagus nerve (X)
Which two anatomical landmarks are important loctaions of
barroreceptors that are especially important in blood pressure
control? - correct answer (1) the carotid sinus [located just
above the bifurcation of the common carotid artery]
, (2) the aortic arch
Which nerve innervates the baroreceptors of the aortic arch? -
correct answer the vagus nerve; fibers from the baroreceptors
run within the vagus nerve (X)
Which nerve is more associated with the carotid sinus? How is it
associated, and what is the name of the actual nerve / who is that
nerve a branch of? - correct answer (1) glossopharyngeal
nerve
(2) afferent fibers from the carotid sinus stretch receptors form a
small carotid sinus nerve called HERING'S NERVE, which is a
branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Where do all of our important baroreceptor nerves terminate?
I.e., fibers from the aortic arch baroreceptors and the carotid
sinus baroreceptors send their fibers to what brain structure? -
correct answer the solitary nucleus of the medulla
Describe the net impact on Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) of
exercise on exercising muscle. - correct answer There is only a
modest blood pressure increase! This is because of peripheral
vasodilation to skeletal muscle within the muscle significantly
decreases the total systemic vascular resistance.
In what condition do where hear a "snap" followed by a rumbling
diastolic murmur, best heard over the cardiac apex? - correct
answer Mitral Stenosis
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller KieranKent55. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
