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Midterm 1 - PNB 2XB3 Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions

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Midterm 1 - PNB 2XB3 Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions Central Nervous System (CNS) - Answer-All parts of nervous system enclosed in bone (spinal cord, brain stem, thalamus, cortex) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - Answer-All parts not within bone (peripheral nerves) Brainstem - Answe...

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  • October 7, 2024
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EmillyCharlotte
EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER
©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024

Midterm 1 - PNB 2XB3 Exam Study
Guide with Complete Solutions

Central Nervous System (CNS) - Answer✔✔-All parts of nervous system enclosed in

bone (spinal cord, brain stem, thalamus, cortex)


Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - Answer✔✔-All parts not within bone (peripheral

nerves)

Brainstem - Answer✔✔-midbrain (lowest), pons (middle), medulla (top)

Dermatomes - Answer✔✔-spinal nerves innervate sections of the skin, message from

certain section of skin is sent to certain section of spine

- skin corresponds to spin

1. cervical

2. thoracic

3. lumbar

4. sacral

Cervical - Answer✔✔-shoulders and head

Thoracic - Answer✔✔-chest, inner arms

Lumbar - Answer✔✔-hips and legs

Sacral - Answer✔✔-back of legs, and groin




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,EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER
©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024
How are neurons similar/different to other cells - Answer✔✔-similar: enclosed by lipid

bilayer and contain organelles

different: unique morphology of dendrites and axons and electrically excitable

Dendrites - Answer✔✔-- receives signals from other neuron (input)

Axons - Answer✔✔-- Send signals to other neurons (outputs)

- Action potential is produced at the start of the axon, neurotransmitters are released to

other neurons

Cortical pyramidal cell - Answer✔✔-long axons and dendrites, make up 70% of

neurons in cortex, glutamatergic, projections travel long distance

Cerebellar purkinje cell - Answer✔✔-many branching axons

Glial cells - Answer✔✔-- 3x more glial cells than neurons

- support cells with varying morphology

- astrocytes

- oligodendrocyte

- microglia

Astrocytes - Answer✔✔-glial, maintain ionic environment

Oligodendrocyte - Answer✔✔-glial, myelinate neurons

microglia - Answer✔✔-glial, scavenge cellular debris

Dorsal (brain) - Answer✔✔-Top

Dorsal (spine) - Answer✔✔-back

Ventral (brain) - Answer✔✔-bottom

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, EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER
©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024
Ventral (spine) - Answer✔✔-stomach

Rostral (brain) - Answer✔✔-Front

Rostral (spine) - Answer✔✔-top

Caudal (brain) - Answer✔✔-back

Caudal (spine) - Answer✔✔-bottom

Neuroaxis positional terms - Answer✔✔-nervous system bends at the brain

Midline - Answer✔✔-line separating left and right

Ipsilateral - Answer✔✔-same side

Contralateral - Answer✔✔-opposite side

Decussate - Answer✔✔-Cross midline

proximal - Answer✔✔-close to point of reference

distal - Answer✔✔-far from point of reference

medial - Answer✔✔-near midline

lateral - Answer✔✔-far from midline

efferent - Answer✔✔-projecting away from reference (away from the brain to the

body, motor)

afferent - Answer✔✔-projecting towards reference (body towards the brain, sensory)

Planes of sections - Answer✔✔-- Coronal (left to right)

- Sagittal (front to back)

- Horizontal

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