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PSYCH 140 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCH 140 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCH 140 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSChapter 1
Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) - Answers-Infantile sexuality and the unconscious
Id - Answers-Primary processes (automatic)
Ego - Answers-Secondary processes (rational)
Superego - Answers-Cultural/Moral
Freud's Infant Stages - Answers-Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oral Stage - Answers-Birth to age 1: receive nutrition via sucking, so focus of id.
Explore world through mouth, which is the erogenous zone
Anal Stage - Answers-Age 2-3: Potty training. Focus on the anus as a means of control.
Independence and autonomy
Phallic Stage - Answers-3-6 years: Id impulses transfer to the genitals, and the child
finds pleasure in genital stimulation
Latency - Answers-6-11 years: sexual instincts die down, and the superego develops
further
Genital Stage - Answers-Adolescence; Mature sexuality
Nature - Answers-Our biological endowment; the genes we receive from our parents
Nurture - Answers-The environments, both physical and social, that influence our
development
Genome - Answers-Each person's complete set of hereditary information; the complete
set of genes of any organism
Epigenetics - Answers-The study of stable changes in gene expression that are
mediated by the environment
Methylation - Answers-A biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing
gene activity and expression
Continuous Development - Answers-*The idea that changes with age occur gradually, in
small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller
, Discontinuous Development - Answers-*The idea that changes with age include
occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly
Cognitive-Developmental Theory (Piaget) - Answers-Used observational study, many
interviews and some controlled experiments to form theory
Adaptation, Assimilation, Accommodation
Stage Theories - Answers-Approaches that propose that development involves a series
of discontinuous, age-related phases
Cognitive Development - Answers-The development of thinking and reasoning
Effortful Attention - Answers-Involves voluntary control of one's emotions and thoughts
Sociocultural Context - Answers-*The physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical
circumstances that make up any child's mind
Core Knowledge Theory (Spelke) - Answers-Innate knowledge
about object, number, space
Shared with other non-human primates
Development may critically depend on
learning language
Scientific Method - Answers-*An approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a
question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing a conclusion
Hypotheses - Answers-Educated guesses
Reliability - Answers-The degree to which independent measurements of a given
behavior or measurements of a given behavior are consistent
Interrater Reliability - Answers-The amount of agreement in the observations of different
raters who witness the same behavior
Test-Retest Reliability - Answers-The degree of similarity of a child's performance on 2
or more occasions
Validity - Answers-The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
Internal Validity - Answers-The degree to which effects observed within experiments
can be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing
External Validity - Answers-The degree to which results can be generalized beyond the
particulars of the research
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