Experience Human Development
Chapter 2: Theory and Research
Principle - ANScoherent set of logically associated concepts that seeks to organize, provide
an explanation for, and predict facts
speculation - ANSpossible reasons for phenomena, used to are expecting the final results of
studies
mechanistic version - ANSLocke: version that views human development as a chain of
predictable responses to stimuli - do now not perform of their very own will, react robotically
to physical forces or inputs
organismic model - ANSmodel that perspectives human development as internally initiated
by way of an energetic organism and as going on in a chain of qualitatively exclusive ranges
- environmental impacts do now not reason devt, however they can speed or gradual it
quantitative alternate - ANSchanges in variety or amount or frequency of a behavioral
function - mechanistic version
qualitative change - ANSdiscontinuous adjustments in type, structure, or organisation -
organismic version
psychoanalytic perspective - ANSview of human improvement as shaped by way of
unconscious forces that inspire human conduct
psychosexual improvement - ANSin Freudian theory, an unvarying collection of ranges of
early life persona development wherein gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and
then the genitals
psychosocial improvement - ANSin Erickson's 8-stage theory the socially and culturally
prompted method of improvement of the ego, or self - every degree requires a balancing of a
high-quality tendency and a corresponding negative tendency - a success outcome = a
distinctive feature, or electricity
studying attitude - ANSview of human improvement that holds that modifications in behavior
result from experience or from edition to the surroundings
behaviorism - ANSlearning idea that emphasizes the predictable position of surroundings in
inflicting observable behavior - focuses on associative getting to know, wherein a intellectual
link is fashioned between 2 events
, classical conditioning - ANSPavlov/Watson: mastering based of associating a stimulus that
doesn't ordinarily elicit a reaction with every other stimulus that does elicit the reaction
operant conditioning - ANSSkinner: gaining knowledge of primarily based on affiliation of
behavior with its results - the man or woman learns from the results of "running" at the
surroundings
reinforcement - ANSthe manner by way of which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the
likelihood that the conduct will be repeated
punishment - ANSthe manner through which a behavior is weakened, reducing the
probability of repetition
social getting to know concept - ANSBandura: concept that behaviors are learned with the
aid of staring at and imitating fashions - impetus for devt is bidirectional. Also called social
cognitive principle
reciprocal determinism - ANSBandura's term for bidirectional forces that have an effect on
development - the individual acts on the arena as the world acts at the individual
observational gaining knowledge of - ANSlearning via watching the conduct of others
aka modeling
self-efficacy - ANSsense of one's functionality to master demanding situations and gain
desires
cognitive angle - ANSview that thought methods are principal to improvement
Piaget's Cognitive-stage Theory - ANStheory that children's cognitive development
advances in a sequence of 4 degrees related to qualitatively distinct varieties of intellectual
operations
business enterprise - ANSPiaget: the tendency to create classes through looking at the traits
that individual members of a class have in not unusual - sparrows and robins in birds class
schemes - ANSPiaget: human beings create more and more complicated cognitive
structures - schemes - methods of organizing data approximately the world that govern the
way the kid thinks and behaves in a specific situation
variation - ANSPiaget: adjustment to new facts approximately the environment,
accomplished via processes of assimilation and lodging
assimilation - ANSPiaget: the procedure of taking new statistics and incorporating it into
EXISTING approaches of thinking.
Lodging - ANSPiaget: adjusting one's cognitive structures to match the new info
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