Exam (elaborations)
Pathoma WBC – Questions & Detailed Solutions (100%)
- Course
- Institution
Pathoma WBC – Questions & Detailed Solutions (100%)
[Show more]
Content preview
Pathoma WBC – Questions & Detailed Solutions(100%)
Normal WBC count? Right Ans - 5-10 K/microliter
Causes of neutropenia? Right Ans - Drug toxicity: chemotherapy with
alkylating agents (damage to stem cells aka myeloblasts)
Severe infection: gram negative sepsis (neutrophils move into tissues ->
decreased circulating numbers)
Treatment of neutropenia? Right Ans - GM-CSF or G-CSF
Granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor or granulocyte-stimulating factor
Causes of lymphopenia? (decreased lymphocytes only - not having to do with
neutrophils or leukocytes in general) Right Ans - Immunodeficiency (ie.
DiGeorge syndrome or HIV)
High cortisol (i.e. corticosteroids or Cushing's) -> apoptosis of lymphocytes
Autoimmune destruction (i.e. lupus - can also be rbc, wbc, platelets, etc.)
Whole body radiation: lymphocytes highly sensitive, so they are the first to die
(earliest change)
Causes of neutrophilic leukocytosis? Right Ans - Bacterial infection (not
gram-negative sepsis): induces release of marginated pool of BM neutrophils
(including immature forms -> left shift)
Tissue necrosis: left shift like above (drives inflammatory processes)
High cortisol: impairs neutrophil/leukocyte adhesion (decreases marginated
pool adherent to blood vessels), leading to release of marginated pool of
neutrophils, also impairs diapedesis (while inducing lymphocyte apoptosis ->
lymphopenia)
Markers of immature neutrophils? Right Ans - Decreased Fc receptors (aka
CD16 expression)
Causes of monocytosis? (3) Right Ans - Autoimmune chronic inflammatory
states (SLE, RA)
Infectious chronic inflammatory states (TB, bacterial endocarditis)
Malignancy
,Causes of eosinophilia? (3) Right Ans - Allergic reactions (type I
hypersensitivity)
Parasitic infections
Hodgkin lymphoma
Most common cause of basophilia? Right Ans - Chronic myeloid leukemia
(CML)
Causes of lymphocytic leukocytosis? (2) Right Ans - Viral infections (t-
lymphocyte hyperplasia)
Bordatella pertussis: Lymphocytosis-promoting factor blocks circulating
lymphocytes from entering lymph node (lymphocytes must enter lymph
nodes to encounter APCs with foreign antigens to get activated)
EBV - effects on cells in blood? Right Ans - Lymphocytic lymphocytosis
with reactive CD8+ T cells (CMV is a less common cause)
Organs/cells affected by EBV? Right Ans - Oropharynx (pharyngitis)
Liver (hepatitis + hepatomegaly + elevated liver enzymes)
B cells (recognized by CD8+ T cells)
Effects of CD8+ T cell response? (3) Right Ans - LAD due to T-cell
hyperplasia in the lymph node paracortex
Splenomegaly due to T-cell hyperplasia in the periarterial lymphatic sheath
(PALS = part of white pulp)
High WBC/lymphocytosis with atypical lymphocytes (CD8+ T cells)
Appearance of atypical lymphocytes in EBV infection? Right Ans - Note:
CD8+ T cells are atypical, but B cells are infected
Mono - diagnostic test? Right Ans - Monospot = screening
Serologic testing for EBV viral capsid = definitive diagnosis
Mono - screening test mechanism? Right Ans - Detects IgM antibodies that
cross-link with horse or sheep RBC (aka heterophile antibodies)
Type of antibodies detected in monospot test? IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE? Right Ans
- IgM
, Implications of mono symptoms and a negative monospot test? Right Ans -
CMV = cause of infectious mononucleosis?
Definitive testing for mono? Right Ans - Serologic testing for EBV viral
capsid antigen (also detects past infection)
Three major complications of mono infection? Right Ans - Inc. risk for
splenic rupture (avoid contact sports for 1 month)
Ampicillin -> rash (type of penicillin)
Inc. risk for recurrence + B-cell lymphoma (esp. if immunodeficiency
develops) - because virus lies dormant in B-cells
Acute leukemia vs. chronic leukemia - defining features? Right Ans - Acute
leukemia: >20% blasts, seen in bone marrow, crowd out hematopoesis quickly
-> acute sx (but also enter bloodstream -> high WBC count, but non-
functional)
Chronic leukemia: mature (but naiive) proliferation of cells in circulation, high
WBC count (often B-cell)
Appearance of blast cells? Right Ans - Large, immature cells, often with
punched-out nucleoli (shown in AML)
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) - nuclear staining? Right Ans - TdT =
DNA polymerase (absent in myeloid blasts and mature lymphocytes)
Note: lymphoblasts create T and B lymphocytes
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) - most common population affected?
Right Ans - Children
Associated with Down syndrome after age of 5 (acute megakaryoblastic
leukemia before age of 5)
Most common type of ALL? (B vs. T) Right Ans - B-ALL
Molecular expression pattern of B-ALL? Right Ans - CD10
CD19
CD20
(and TdT b/c they're lymphoblasts)
Therapy for B-ALL? Right Ans - Requires prophylaxis to scrotum and CSF
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller LeCrae. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
77254 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now