NUR 376 PATHO FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH SOLVED SOLUTIONS.
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Course
NUR 376
Institution
NUR 376
Innate immunity is? - Answer 1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens
Adaptive immunity is? - Answer -2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular path...
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH SOLVED SOLUTIONS.
Innate immunity is? - Answer 1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens
Adaptive immunity is? - Answer -2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
Two major categories of adaptive immunity - Answer 1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity - Answer -Individual given pre made, fully formed antibodies
against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
Active acquired adaptive immunity - Answer Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired adaptive
immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression - Answer Immunocompetence refers to the individuals
ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person at higher risk for infection.
Define immunodeficiency - Answer Weakened immune system
Define primary immunodeficiency - Answer Present @ birth, only affects one cell type
,**IgA deficiency most common
Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). - Answer Negatively affects both B and T cell
development so there is increased risk for infection.
Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity - Answer Most common: Transfusion of the wrong blood
Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells
WBC count normally vs. infection - Answer Normal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs - Answer -leukopenia
-leukocytosis
??
Hypervolemia - Answer
Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6)
what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? - Answer Hypertonic= excessive fluid extracellular space, causing
cell to shrink
,Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
5.) 5% Dextrose in LR
6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
Treats:
- Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ back into intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium**
-cerebral edema
Interventions:
-Give cautiously in ICU via central line
-Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly
-Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP, HR
Hypotonic IV Solution
what does hypotonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3)
Treats?
Contraindications? - Answer Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration, Increase in
intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system
Fluid Types:
, 1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue causing swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? - Answer Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.9% Saline
2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline
4.) Lactated Ringers (LR)
Purpose:
To increase extracellular fluid
Loss through:
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