BPK 207 Final UPDATED Actual Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
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Course
BPK 207
Institution
BPK 207
BPK 207 Final UPDATED Actual Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is the role of augmented feedback? - CORRECT ANSWER- Allows learner to
know if they are performing skill correctly, can also be used to motivate
Hindbrain - CORRECT ANSWER- Part of the brain stem
Has cerebellum, pons, medul...
BPK 207 Final UPDATED Actual Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is the role of augmented feedback? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Allows learner to
know if they are performing skill correctly, can also be used to motivate
Hindbrain - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Part of the brain stem
Has cerebellum, pons, medulla
Midbrain - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Part of the brain stem
Tectum (superior and inferior colliculi), tegmentum
Diencephalon - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Thalamus and hypothalamus
What is movement a collaborative effort of? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Among regions in
the CNS
Cortical, subcortical and spinal regions connections to one another
How many spinal columns do you have? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- 31
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
What do the cervical nerves control? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Upper limb muslces
What do the thoracic nerves control? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Muscles of the trunk and
chest and abs
,What do the lumbar nerves control? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Lower limb and lower back
muscles
What do the sacral nerves control? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Bowel and bladder muscles
Where does the spinal cord end and what does it become after that? - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- L1 and L2, becomes spinal nerves
Which two spinal segments have enlargements - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Cervical and
lumbar
Gray and white matter - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Gray matter contain cell bodies and
nuclei of neurons
White matter contains axons and forms ascending and descending tracts
4 Types of neurons - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Local neurons: Axons confined to same or
adjacent spinal column, same segment or level
Propriospinal neurons: axons reach distant segments, ie between enlargements
Projection neurons: axons ascent to higher brain centres
Motor Neurons: Axons exit the nervous system and innervates muscles (descending tracts)
Motor neuron pools - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Cell bodies of motor neurons are clustered
here, forms longitudinal columns extending over one to four spinal segments
Proximal distal rule of motor nuclei - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Motor nuclei innervating
distal muscles lie more laterally than those who innervate proximal muscles which lie more
medially within the spinal cord
Motor unit - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Motor neuron plus all of the fibers it innervates
Single fiber is innervated by one neuron but a single neuron could innervate multiple fibers
All fibers are the same within each unit
But one muscle may have many motor units of different fiber types
,Difference between fast and slow-twitch fibers - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Slow twitch
fibers are recruited first and are less prevelant to fatigue
Size of motor units - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Larger = more power
Smaller = finer movements
More refined = less fibers
Force and motor unit size - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Larger units have more fibers, creates
more tension
tension is increased with recruitment of multiple motor units
Muslces involved in fine movements have smaller units
Size principle of motor unit recruitment - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Smaller units -->
smaller motor neurons, lower activation threshold, activated at a lower frequency from CNS
As stimuli frequency increases, AP frequency increases and recruits more and larger motor
units to create more force
Two ways to increase muscle force - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Activating more motor
neurons
Increasing frequency of action potentials to create tetany aka muscle summation
Where does a neuron synpase on a muscle - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Axon innervates
muscle at a place called the motor end-plate specialized region of muscle membrane
Synaptic boutons - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Where axons loses its myelin sheath and
divides to form multiple expansions which allow the release of Ach aka acetylcholine
Boutons and junctional folds - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Boutons are positioned over these
rigs which are deep depressions in the surface of the post-synaptic muscle fiber which
contains Ach receptors
, Motor neuron and muscle signal transduction - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Axon
depolarization leads to Calcium entry into the boutons, which causes Ach release
Membrane of end-plate becomes depolarized due to Ach binding and results in an influx of
Na+ and efflux of K+
Creates an end-plate potential
This activates Na-V channels in the junctional folds which leads to more depolarization aka
Na+ entry and leads to generation of action potential which then propagates along muscle
fibers and muscle then contracts
Spinal reflexes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Triggered by activation of sensory receptors
Highly adaptable and control movements in a purposeful manner
Produces coordianted patterns of muscle contractio
Convergence and Divergence - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Multiple neurons to one ie motor
neurons
One neuron to multiple ie sensory receptors ie Ia afferent
Withdrawal and cross-extended reflex - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Painful stimuli activates
nocireceptors ie stepping on a nail
Primary sensory enters spinal cord --> divergence
Goes to ascending pathways so signal pain and for postural adjustments
Signal crosses over in spinal cord --> more divergence and activates the extensor of the other
leg in order to maintain balance
The leg that stepped on has its flexors activated and the leg is lifted
Multiple places where signal can be modified
Postural reflexes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- When stance is perturbed, specific muscles
activate aka synergies in order for us to maintain balance
Components of a postural reflex - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Short latency responses:
spinally mediated
Medium latency responses: Brainstem mediated
Long latency responses: cortically mediated
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