Class notes
Learning Unit
- Course
- Institution
notes covering the entire Learning unity in AP Psych
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
Basic ConceptsCreated @September 19, 2023 9:21 PM
Updated @September 19, 2023 10:44 PM
Pavlov studied the digestive system; first Russian Nobel Prize (1904) and
demonstrated associative learning via salivary conditioning.
Classical Conditioning: Type of learning in which one llearns to link two or more
stimuli and anticipate events
Neutral Stimulus (NS): Stimulus that elicits no respoonse before conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UR): An unlearned, naturally occurring response (such
as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)
Unconditioned Stimulus (US): a stimulus that unconditionally–naturally and
automatically–triggers an unconditioned response
Aquisition: Initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an uncondiitoned
stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
Extinction: diminishing of a conditioned responsel occurs in classical conditioning
when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a coniditoined stimulus (CS)
Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished
conditioned response
Generalisation: tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli to the
coniditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Discrimination: learned ability to distinguish between a conidtioned stimulus
(which predicts the US) and other irrelevant stimuli
Operant Conditioning: behaviour operates on the environment to produce
rewarding or punishing stimuli → organisms associate their own actions with
consequences → actions followed by reinforcement increase, those followed by
punishments often decrease
Shaping: Gradually guiding toward closer and closer approximations of the
desired behaviour
Basic Concepts 1
, Reinforcement: Any event that strgthens a preceding response
Primary Reinforcer: Unlearned & innately reinforcing stimuli
Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer: Gains power through association with
primary reinforcer
Immediate: Occurs immediately after a behaviour
Delayed: Involves time delay between desired response and delivery of reward
Reinforcement Schedule: Includes pattern that defines how often a desired
response will be reinforced
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule: Involves reinforcing the desired response
every time it occurs
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement: includes schedule reinfrocing a response only
part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater
resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement
Types of Reinforcement: Fixed ratio, Fixed interval, Variable Ratio, Variable
Interval. Most powerful for getting continued interaction is variable ratio (slot
machines)
Punishment: administers an undesirable consequence or withdraws something
desirable in an attempt to decrease the frequency of a behaviour
Positive Punishment: presenting a negative consequence after an undesired
behaviour is exhibited, making the behaviour less likely to occur
Negative Punishment: removing a desired stimulus after a particular undesired
behaviour is exhibited, resulting in reducing behaviour in the future
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
organism associates behaviour
Basic Idea organism associates events
and resulting events
voluntary, operates on
Response involuntary, automatic
environment
associating repsonse with a
associating events; NS is paired
Acquisition consequence (reinforcer or
with US and becomes CS
punisher)
Basic Concepts 2
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller elmaayee. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
77254 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now