BMD-410 Exam 2 Questions and Correct Answers | Latest Update
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Course
BMD 410
Institution
BMD 410
What are the two major molecules that contribute to metabolism?
Lipids and carbohydrates
What molecule does lipids and carbohydrates become in the initial stage of metabolism?
Acetyl CoA
How is ATP associated with energetically unfavorable reactions?
Lysis of ATP is usually used to...
Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
BMD-410 Exam 2 Questions and Correct
Answers | Latest Update
What are the two major molecules that contribute to metabolism?
Lipids and carbohydrates
What molecule does lipids and carbohydrates become in the initial stage of metabolism?
Acetyl CoA
How is ATP associated with energetically unfavorable reactions?
Lysis of ATP is usually used to generate the energy necessary to push
reactions forward that are unfavorable or endergonic in nature.
What is the alternate name for carbohydrates?
Saccharide, a name for their typical sweet taste
What are the four classifications of carbohydrates based on size?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Trisaccharide
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Polysaccharide
What are the two most common functional groups found on carbohydrates
Aldose: Monosaccharide with a Aldehyde functional group
Ketose: Monosaccharide with a Ketone Functional group
How do you determine whether a carbohydrate enantiomer is a D or an L isomer?
The orientation of the final chiral carbon determines whether or not its L or
D; same with the diastereomer
(L left, D right)
What is the difference between constitutional isomers and stereoisomers?
Constitutional isomers differ in attachment of atoms whereas stereoisomers
differ in spatial arrangement
What are the two kinds of stereoisomers? What is the difference between the two?
Enantiomers: non superimposable mirror images
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Diastereomers: Isomers that are not mirror images
What are epimers and anomers?
Both are diasteromers
Epimers:
- diastereomer that differ at one of several asymmetric carbon
Anomers:
- differ in spatial arrangement at a asymmetric carbon BUT in a ring
What is the most common configuration among isomers in carbohydrates?
Most monosaccharides are found in the D configuration
How does cyclization of monosaccharides occur?
(intramolecular) Cyclization of monosaccharides occurs when a nucleophilic
alcohol attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon on a sugar to form a
hemiacetal
- alcohol on carbon five attacks carbonyl group
What is the difference between a hemiacetal and a hemiketal
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hemiacetal is formed via the reaction between an alcohol and an
aldehyde whereas a hemiketal is formed via the reaction between an
alcohol and a ketone.
What makes monosaccharides so reactive?
in its straight chain form they are reactive because the carbonyl groups at
the end are free to react with amino acids
What is the name of proteins that have been affected by sugars?
Advanced glycation end products
What are reducing sugars?
A sugar that can act as a reducing agent
- hydroxyl on the anomeric carbon is unchanged
- must be able to linearize
All monosaccharides and disaccharides
What are pyranoses and what are furanoses?
Six membered ring: pyranose with oxygen in the ring
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