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NR 545 FINAL EXAM EXAM REVISION GUIDE WITH ALL QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERSALREADY GRADED A+
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NR 545 FINAL EXAM EXAM REVISION GUIDE WITH ALL QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERSALREADY GRADED A+
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NR 545 FINAL EXAM 2024-2025 EXAM REVISION GUIDEWITH ALL QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS-
ALREADY GRADED A+
What is Angina? - ANSWER Angina, or angina pectoris, is often described as chest pain
usually precipitated by stress or exertion and relieved rapidly with rest or nitrates. Those with
angina report varying symptoms including chest pain categorized as squeezing while others
describe the pain like a heavy weight being placed on the chest. Angina is relatively common, and
usually due to atherosclerotic heart disease.
What is the Patho of Angina? - ANSWER Angina is chest pain that is associated with
decreased blood flow or ischemia to the myocardial tissue. The decreased blood flow may be the
result of atherosclerosis or coronary artery spasm. Neural pain receptors are stimulated by
accelerated cellular metabolism, chemical changes, and imbalances
What are signs and symptoms of Angina? - ANSWER - chest heaviness
- chest pressure
- squeezing or fullness Sometimes this pain radiates to the left shoulder and arm while others report
pain in the jaw.
Generally, the attack length can range anywhere between three minutes to twenty minutes. Attacks
reported at greater than thirty minutes are concerning and could indicate the development of acute
coronary syndrome.
,What lab test are needed for angina? - ANSWER - Troponin
- CK-MB: to evaluate for acute coronary symptoms as well as for anemia which might be
contributing to ischemic chest pain.
- An ECG should also be obtained to rule out acute coronary syndrome.
What are pharmacological remedies for Angina? - ANSWER Nitroglycerin (Drug of
choice):
Nitroglycerin relaxes and widens the blood vessel promoting easier blood flow to the heart muscle.
Dosing of nitroglycerin is 0.3-0.6 mg by translingual spray or sublingual tablet every five minutes,
as indicated with a max of 3 doses in 15 minutes.
Beta-Blockers and ACE inhibitors
What is a myocardial infarction? - ANSWER (Heart Attack)
A myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood flow to the heart is minimized. The blockage is
most often caused by a buildup of cholesterol, which forms a plaque in the arteries that circulate
oxygenated blood flow to the myocardium. When the plaque breaks away it can form a clot,
interrupting or completely blocking blood flow and destroying a part of the heart muscle. Unlike
with an episode of angina, those experiencing a myocardial
infarction often report symptoms of pain at rest.
, What is the patho of a Myocardial Infarction? - ANSWER During a myocardial infarction
there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Prolonged ischemia (>30
minutes) from the lack of circulating blood flow to the myocardium results in cellular death, further
impacting the heart's ability to function. Depending on the extent of the cell death, the heart might
have decreased contractility resulting in wall function abnormalities further placing the patient at
risk for decompensation.
What are the symptoms of a Myocardial Infraction? - ANSWER - Sharp radiating pain
(Even at rest)
- Light-headed or have increased feelings of anxiety or impending doom.
- Nausea (more common in right coronary artery occlusion)
- Vomiting
- Diaphoresis
- Syncope
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
- Wheezing
What lab test are needed for a Myocardial Infraction? - ANSWER - Troponins
- CK-MB
- An ECG will often demonstrate ST-segment elevation or new left bundle
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