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Notes for HTSCHI 3103: Immunology Lectures 1–5
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Notes for HTSCHI 3103: Immunology Lectures 1–5
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lOMoARcPSD|25701531, lOMoARcPSD|25701531
HTSCHI 3103; Immunology
Lecture 1 – main take away
- Diagnosis, cures and therapies often heavily rely on immunology
o Vaccines
o Cancer immunology
- Antibodies are involved in many diagnostics and therapeutics
o Rapid antigen testing for COVID is based on antibodies
o Monoclonal antibody therapy
Lecture 2: Without milkmaids, we wouldn’t have modern vaccines
What is a vaccine
- A vaccine is a substrate that builds preventable immune protection against a specific
infection
Polio virus infects motor neuron cells – affecting movement – getting to your lungs (the iron
lung which forces the lungs to open and close)
Many people die from infectious diseases in modern times
COVID 19 and HIV/AIDS pandemics are currently going on
Plagues were devastating prior to vaccination and antibiotics
- Plagues feature prominently in history
o Spartans were better warriors
o But the Athenians had walls – big ones and nice ships
- In 430 BC a plague hit Athens
- 25-33% of Athenians population perished
Early description of immunity
- The rick and the dying were tended by the pitying care of those who had recovered
because they knew the course of the disease and were themselves free from
apprehensions. For no one was ever attacked a second time or not with a fatal result –
Thucydides ( a physician during the plague of Athens)
The concept that microscopic germs cause disease didn’t take off until around 1860
- Nearly 2300 years after the plague of Athens
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Before germs – a popular theory was that ‘bad air’ causes disease
In 1954, john snow
- Cholera outbreak in London
- All infections localized within a circle – water pump was in the middle
o Something in the water was what was causing the outbreak
o Boil water suggestions prior to drinking – leading to modern water boiling
advisories
Couldn’t prove that there were germs in the water
Between 1860-1864, Louis Pasteur
- Bummed that wine and beer spoils
- Discovered that microorganisms were the cause
- Found that heating liquids and allowing them to cool stopped spoiling by killing the
microorganism
- Applied to milk; pasteurization – greatly prolongs the shelf life of milk
o Process named after louis Pasteur
The main problem
- There was no definitive proof whether microorganisms cause disease
1876 – Robert Koch
- Used microscopy and developed culture techniques to generate pure cultures of
bacteria – single strain
- Published a picture of bacteria – FIRST PICTURE RECORDED
o Anthrax
o Giving the anthrax bacteria to animals causes the symptoms of anthrax
§ GERM THEORY PROVEN
Koch’s Postulates – set of rules to determine if something causes a disease
1. A specific microorganisms is always associated with a given disease
2. The microorganisms can be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure
culture in the laboratory
3. The cultured microbe will cause disease when transferred to a healthy animal
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4. The same type of microorganism can be isolated from the newly infected animal
Back to Louis Pasteur
- Following Robert Koch’s discoveries, he grew his own bacteria (chicken cholera) back over in
France
- Asked his assistant to inject some chickens with a fresh batch of chicken cholera
o The assistant forgot! And then injected the chickens with month old bacteria when he
got back
§ The chickens didn’t get sick
§ They then injected the chickens again with fresh chicken cholera
• The chickens didn’t get sick or die – they were immune
o First evidence that Weakened bacteria could confer protection
to disease
Pasteur’s work led to inactivated vaccines which Salk used in his polio vaccine
Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur knew each other – feuded
1900, Paul Ehrlich
- Was interested in anti-serum
o New medicine of the time
- If a horse survived an infection, you could take blood from a horse and separate the red blood
cells and get serum
o Of you gave this serum to a human it could cure the disease that the human has
o Used to cure diphtheria
- Side chain theory of immunity
o Special proteins in the blood protect against a pathogen
- He thought immunity is
o Adaptive – responds to infection
o Humoral – inside blood
- He was right – he was talking about antibodies
o Antibodies structure was defined in 1959
In 1908, Paul Ehrlich win a noble prize
1883, Eli Metchnikoff
- Microscope guy – interested in looking at starfish cells
- Fan of Charles Darwin and was trying to understand evolution
- He noticed cells which were eating up foreign material and destroying it
o He called them ‘phagocytes’
§ Phago – eating
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