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HTHSCI 3I03 - Introductory Immunology Exam-Review copy new update McMaster University
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HTHSCI 3I03 - Introductory Immunology Exam-Review copy new update McMaster University
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HTHSCI 3I03 - Introductory Immunology Exam-Review copy new update McMaster University
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Immunology Exam Review Midterm 1 content
Cue column Explanation
What are the 2 modes of innate Intrinsic or induced
immunity(II)?
What are the two parts of innate Humoral immunity: complement system, cytokines and antimicrobial peptides
immunity ? Cellular immunity: epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages and NK cells
Does II have memory? no
Name the functions of the innate Prevent attachment/entry of pathogens, but allow growth of beneficial microbes
immune system: Recognize, control and eliminate pathogens at the site of entry
Induce inflammation and bring help
Orchestrate the appropriate adaptive immune response
How are epithelial cells the first line
of defense?
Name the layers and functions of the Top of skin is a dense keratinized layer
skin: Sebaceous glands in the skin have a very low pH which makes it very acidic, to protect
when cut
The layer of oil on top of skin has important microflora in it
Why is skin resistant to viral and No viable virus receptors
bacterial infections? Has the lowest water activity in the body
Has high levels of fatty acids and salts
Harbors close to 200 genera of bacteria
What makes up the mucous surface? Mucosal surface is 1-3 layers of epithelial cells, and a mucous is usually produced by
goblet cells
· The high-water content is god at collecting bacteria
· Has enzymes and anti-microbial things
Why do epithelial and mucosal layers so that bacteria and viruses can’t colonize and move in: Any abnormal or pathogenic virus
change freq.? needs 24-48 hours to generate
Why is microbiota imp? Prevent infections by taking up space and producing antibacterial/viral components
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How to treat someone with bad help through fecal transplantation—fills people with good bacteria
bacteria in GI?
How do females have natural pH drops during the reproductive ages and increases in menopause
immunity in repro. Tract? During reproductive ages, Lactobacilli are the predominant vaginal microbiota
▪ Lactobacilli is good to prevent bacterial vaginosis (BV)
What are some epithelial Cryptidins and α-defensins are produced at the base of the small intestine
cells anti-microbial crypts β-defensins are produced within the skin and respiratory tract
substances? ▪ α and β defensins bind to the surface of pathogens and drill
holes Surfactant proteins A & D are present in the lung and
vaginal tract
▪ Function as opsonins which enhance phagocytosis efficiency
How do tears and saliva naturally Contain lysosomes
disinfect? Since gram-positive bacteria are hard to kill, the lysozymes come and lyse the cell wall
▪ Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall with peptidoglycans
What is the complement system made Made of pre-made proteins which are pre-enzymes ready to be activated (heat sensitive
out of? proteins made by the liver)
What are the 3 pathways of the Alternative pathway (1st to act) is activated when the pathogen surface has the right local
complement system and how are environment
they activated? Lectin pathway (2nd to act) is activated through mannose-binding lectin binding to the
pathogen surface
Classical pathway (3rd to act) is activated when C-reactive protein or antibodies bind to
an antigen on the pathogen
Once the complement pathway cleaves C3 to C3a and C3b where C3b covalently bonds to the surface of the pathogen
is activated what happens next? which can cause three actions:
o The recruitment of inflammatory cells
o Opsonization of pathogens which facilitates uptake and killing by phagocytes (C3b is
responsible for this)
▪ C3b brings bacteria to CR1 found on macrophages a lot
o Perforation of the pathogen cell membrane through the membrane attack complex
▪ Made of C5b and C6-C9
▪ Drills holes in the membrane
Innate Immunity II: Phagocytosis and Natural Killing
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Know this image
What are the three types Phagocytosis (by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and B cells)
of innate killing? Direct cell cytotoxicity (by NK cells and NKT cells) Complement/peptide
mediated killing
What kind of receptors do Have phagocytic receptors that bind microbes and their components
macrophages have? Bound material is internalized in phagosomes and broken down in phagolysosomes
What can macrophages get Can get rid of already tagged bacteria as well as get rid of aged cells
rid of?
Are macrophages the most True
efficient phagocytic cells?
How are The moment monocytes leave for circulation, the become macrophages (Monocytes in circulation)
macrophages
derived?
what is the function of If there isn’t a pathogen, macrophages are important for waste removal
macrophages if no pathogen?
What are the types Based on phenotype and function: M1 (killer macrophages) or M2 (healer macrophages)
of macrophages? Based on location: mobile macrophages or fixed/tissue macrophages
▪ Reticular M goes to the lymph and immune structures
▪ Kupffer cells stay in the liver for detoxification
▪ Microglial are in the brain
▪ Alveolar stay in the lungs
▪ Peritoneal M stay in the peritoneal cavity (part of GI tract)
What are the antimicrobial Acidification, toxic oxygen derived products (ex. H2O2), toxic nitrogen oxides, antimicrobial
mechanisms of peptides (defensins and cationic proteins), enzymes (lysozyme dissolves cell wall of gram positive
phagocytes? bacteria), and competitors
What is the most abundant neutrophils
leukocyte?
Which cell is the first to Neutrophils
migrate to site of
infection?
How long is neutrophil life? Have a very short life span (hours to days) but the bone marrow makes millions per minute
What is inside neutrophils? Its granules are loaded with proteolytic enzymes
How do neutrophils kill Will engulf smaller bacteria but can’t digest damaged cells and tissues like macrophages., so kill
bacteria? bacteria through netosis
Neutrophils kill themselves when they can’t grab bacteria and release toxic
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs): The web is made of DNAs and RNAs loaded with toxic
material
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