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Summary AP Psychology Study Guide Latest 2024
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AP Psychology Study Guide Latest 2024
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AP Psychology Study Guide Latest 2024Wilhelm Wundt - 1. Introduced structuralism
(Bell experiment)
2. Set up the first psychological laboratory
Introspection - study of the mind by looking into oneself
structuralism - identifying components of the mind:
combined subjective emotions and objective sensations (Wundt)
"the whole is equal to the sum of the parts"
Freud - Personality theorist who created psychoanalysis
Psychoanalytic Theory - Focus on past childhood experience, repressed memories,
and study of the unconscious mind (Freud)
Behaviorism - Focus on stimuli and response-study only observable behavior
(Watson)
Humanistic Perspective - Emphasized the human capacity for free-will and
individual choice (Rogers & Maslow)
,AP Psychology Study Guide Latest 2024
Evolutionary Perspective - Examines how behaviors help a species survive from on
generation to the next, focus on natural selection
Biopsychology - Explains human thought in terms of the relationship between
biology and psychology
Social-Cultural - behavior varies by culture
Pavlov - Behaviorist-Classically conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell
Watson - Behaviorist-In his Little Albert Experiment he conditioned Albert to fear
white rat by associating it with loud noises
Skinner - Behaviorist-Proposed theory of operant conditioning with skinner box
experiment, reinforcing rats behavior with rewards or punishments
Independent Variable - Changed by experimenter-what is being controlled
Dependent Variable - Changed by independent variable
,AP Psychology Study Guide Latest 2024
Operational definition - Defining how something is measured in an experiment:
help to easily replicate
Target Population - Demographic experimenter wants to study
Representative Sample - Group that resembles target population
Stratified Sample - Takes specific criteria (race, gender, %) into account
Matched pairs - Similar people for different conditions of a study
Experimenter bias - when experimenter treats people differently because of
his/her expected results
Double blind - Neither experimenter nor subject knows which group subject is in
Single blind - Subject does not know which group (control or experimental) they
are in
, AP Psychology Study Guide Latest 2024
Demand characteristics - Cues that subject picks up on and uses in order to
respond appropriately
Placebo effect - Taking a drug that has no pharmacological effects produces similar
results as the real medication
Positive Correlation - A direct relationship in which both variables are increasing
or both are decreasing
Negative Correlation - An inverse relationship in which one variable increases and
the other decreases or vice versa
Survey Method - Easy to distriubute to large population and inexpensive, but can't
control who sends it back, and has other confounding variables
Naturalistic Observation - Has high ecological validity (acts normally in natural
habitat) but can't control variables and therefore does not show cause and effect
Case studies - Follows in detail one person or a group of people with a rare
condition
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