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BIO 467 Neurobiology Final Exam practice tests questions and answers
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BIO 467: Neurobiology Final Exampractice tests questions and answers
The iitransformation iiof iiembryonic iiectoderm iiinto iithe iineural iiplate iiis iiknown iias
ii_______?
iia. iimesodermal iispecification
b. iineurulation
c. iigasturlation
d. iiblastulation ii- iiCorrect iiAnswers ii-neurulation
- iiOnce iifertilization iioccurs, iithe iizygote iiundergoes iirapid iicell iidivision ii(cleavage),
iiresulting iiin iia iihollow iiball iiof iicells. iiThe iiblastula iiis iithe iiresult iiof iiblastulation.
iiGastrulation iiis iithe iiprocess iiof iiinvagination iiof iithe iiblastula, iiresulting iiin iithe iithree
iigerm iilayers ii- iiendoderm, iimesoderm iiand iiectoderm. iiNeurulation iiis iithe iiprocess
iiwhere iithe iiectoderm iifolds iiin iion iiitself, iiforming iithe iineural iiplate/ iineural iitube.
Which iineuroanatomical iistructure iidoes iinot iicontain iiderivatives iiof iithe iineural iicrest?
a. iipeipheral iinerve
b. iidorsal iiroot iiganglion
c. iisympathetic iiganglion
d. iicerebral iicortex ii- iiCorrect iiAnswers ii-cerebral iicortex
- iiNeural iicrest iicells iiare iiderived iifrom iithe iimost iidorsal iilip iiof iithe iineural iitube
iithrough iia iiprocess iicalled iiepithelial iito iimesenchymal iitransition ii(EMT). iiThese
iimigratory iineural iicrest iicells iigive iirise iito iithe iiperipheral iisensory iineurons iiby
iigenerating iidorsal iiroot iiganglia iiand iisympathetic iineurons iivia iineurogenesis. iiLater
iithey iitransition iito iigliogenesis iiand iimake iiperipheral iiglia iilike iiSchwann iicells. iiThe
iicentral iinervous iisystem iicomprises iithe iicerebral iicortex ii(brain) iiand iispinal iicord.
Which iiof iithe iifollowing iiterms iibest iidescribes iithe iiunderlying iiprocess iithat iidrives
iimorphological iichanges iiwithin iia iinewly iiborn iineuron iiduring iidevelopment?
a. iicommitment
b. iigastrulation
c. iiproliferation
d. iidifferentiation ii- iiCorrect iiAnswers ii-differentiation
,- iiStem iicells iiundergo iithe iiprocess iiof iicommitment iifollowed iiby iidifferentiation.
iiCommitment iiis iia iifate iirestricting iiprocess iithat iilimits iiwhat iitype iiof iicell iiit iiwill iibe.
iiTypically, iithese iiare iisubtle iichanges iiin iigene iiexpression iithat iicontribute iito iicell
iiidentity. iiAfterwards, iithe iicell iiundergoes iidifferentiation, iiwhich iiresults iiin iia iihighly
iispecialized iicell iitype iithat iiexhibits iicharacteristics iiof iithe iimature iicell. iiThis iiincludes
iifunctional iiand iimorphological iifeatures iithat iiare iiirreversible.
If iiyou iiwanted iito iistudy iithe iinumber iiof iicells iithat iiare iiborn iiin iian iiembryonic
iistructure, iiwhich iiof iithe iifollowing iicompounds iiwould iibe iimost iiuseful?
a. iiBrdU
b. iiNGF
c. iiTTX
d. iian iiantibody iithat iidetects iiactivated iicaspase-3 ii- iiCorrect iiAnswers ii-BrdU
- iiBromodeoxyuridine ii(BrdU) iiis iia iisynthetic iicompound iithat iiis iivery iisimilar iiin
iistructure iito iithymidine, iione iinucleotide iibase iiof iiDNA. iiOnly iiwhen iiDNA iiis iireplicated
iiduring iiS-phase iiis iiBrdU iiincorporated iiinto iithe iicells. iiSubsequent iidivisions iidilute iithe
iiBrdU, iitherefore iidarker iicells iihave iiundergone iifewer iidivisions iithan iicells iithat iihave
iilighter iilabeling. iiUsing iithis iiapproach, iiwe iiknow iithat iithe iicortex iiis iibuilt iiin iian iiinside-
out iipattern. iiCaspase-3 iiis iiinvolved iiin iithe iicell iicycle, iihowever, iiis iia iimarker iiof iicell
iideath.
The iiloss iiof iiembryonic iiBMP ii(bone iimorphogenic iiprotein) iiexpression iiin iithe
iideveloping iinervous iisystem iiis iimost iilikely iito iicause iiwhich iiof iithe iifollowing
iiproblems?
a. iidorsal iilocalization iiof iinormally iiventral iineuronal iisubtypes iiin iithe iispinal iicord
b. iiabsence iiof iimyelinating iiglia
c. iianterior iilocalizaiton iiof iinormally iiposterior iineuronal iisubtypes iiint iihe iispinal iicord
d. iienhanced iineuronal iispecification iiin iithe iiDRG ii- iiCorrect iiAnswers ii-Dorsal
iilocalization iiof iinormally iiventral iineuronal iisubtypes iiin iithe iispinal iicord
- iiMorphogens iiare iicues iithat iidirect iiorientation. iiIn iithe iispinal iicord, iibone
iimorphogenetic iiproteins ii(BMPs) iiare iihighly iiexpressed iifrom iithe iiroofplate ii(dorsal)
iiand iiSonic iihedgehog ii(Shh) iiis iihighly iiexpressed iifrom iithe iifloorplate ii(ventral).
iiCollectively, iithis iigradient iiorients iithe iidorso-ventral iiaxis iiand iihelps iispecify iiwhere
iicells iiwill iipopulate iiin iithe iispinal iicord. iiIf iiBMP iiis iiabsent, iiventrally iiderived
iimotoneurons iiwon't iiknow iiwhere iithe iidorsal iiboundary iiis iiand iiwill iicontinue iito
iipopulate iithe iidorsal iiside. iiAlternatively, iiin iithe iiforebrain, iiBMP iiis iiexpressed
iiposterior iiand iiFGF ii(fibroblast iigrowth iifactor) iiis iiexpressed iianterior. iiLoss iiof iiBMP iiin
iithe iiforebrain iiwill iiallow iifor iinormally iianterior iineurons iito iipopulate iimore iiposterior
iiregions.
,A iipediatric iipatient iipresents iiwith iia iidelay iiin iitheir iiability iito iilearn iito iiwalk iiand iian
iiunusual iihairy iipatch iion iithe iilower iiback. iiWhich iiof iithe iifollowing iiconditions iiis iimost
iilikely?
a. iispina iibifida
b. iicaudal iiagenesis
c. iianecephaly
d. iiholoprosencephaly ii- iiCorrect iiAnswers ii-spina iibifida
- iiAll iifour iianswers iiare iidifferent iitypes iiof iidefects iiof iineural iidevelopment. iiSpina
iibifida iiis iia iibirth iidefect iicaused iiby iian iiincomplete iiclosing iiof iithe iicaudal iiregion iiof
iithe iineural iitube, iioccuring iiin iithe iilower iiback. iiIn iisome iicases, iithe iivertebrae iiare iinot
iifully iiclosed, iiwhich iimay iiresult iiin iia iilesion iion iithe iiskin iiaccompanied iiby iia iihairy
iipatch. iiAnencephaly iiis iia iicondition iiin iiwhich iithe iirostral iiend iiof iithe iineural iitube iifails
iito iiclose iiproperly, iiresulting iiin iiincomplete iiformation iiof iithe iicerebral iicortex.
iiHoloprosencephaly, iialso iiknown iias iicyclopia, iiresults iiin iithe iifailure iiof iithe
iicraniofacial iistructures iito iisegment iiinto iibilateral iihemispheres. iiThis iiis iidue iito
iidisrupted iiShh iisignaling. iiCaudal iiagenesis, iialso iiknown iias iisacral iiagenesis, iiis iialso
iia iidefect iithat iioccurs iiduring iidevelopment iiaffecting iithe iilower iispine ii(i.e., iicaudal
iiportion). iiThis iicondition iiresults iiin iithe iiabsence iior iisevere iigrowth iiabnormalities iiof
iithe iilower iispine iiand iisurrounding iistructures. iiWhile iiit iiaffects iithe iisacrum, iiit iidoes
iinot iitypically iiinclude iiskin iilesions/openings iias iiin iispina iibifida.
According iito iisurveys iiconducted iiby iithe iiMarch iiof iiDimes iifoundation, iionly ii34% iiof
iiwomen iireport iitaking iiprenatal iivitamins iibefore iithey iiknew iithey iiwere iipregnant.
iiEvidence iisuggests iithat iiingestion iiof ii400mg/kg iifolate, iiwhich iiis iitypically iiincluded iiin
iiprenatal iivitamins, iisignificantly iireduced iithe iirisk iiof iiwhich iiof iithe iifollowing
iidevelopmental iidefects?
a. iilissencephaly
b. iigestational iidiabetes
c. iicongenital iiinsensitivity iito iipain
d. iineural iitube iiclosure iidefects ii- iiCorrect iiAnswers ii-neural iitube iiclosure iidefects ii
- iiFolic iiacid/folate iiis iiindicated iito iisignificantly iireduce iithe iirisk iiof iineural iitube iidefects
ii(NTD), iihowever iithe iimechanism iiis iistill iiunder iiinvestigation. iiIn-situ iihybridization iiof
iifolate-binding iiprotein iiis iihigh iion iithe iidorsal iilip iiof iithe iineural iitube. iiLissencephaly,
iior ii"smooth-brain" iiis iia iicondition iiin iiwhich iineuronal iimigration iiis iidisrupted iiand
iiresults iiin iilack iiof iisulci iiand iigyri, iior iigrooves iiin iithe iicerebral iicortex.
The iimigration iiof iiimmature iineurons iialong iiwhich iicell iitype iiis iicritical iiin iigenerating iia
iiprogenitor iidomain iiin iithe iideveloping iinervous iisystem?
a. iineuroepithelial iiprogenitor ii
b. iiependymal iicell ii
c. iiradial iiglia ii
, d. iioligodendrocyte ii- iiCorrect iiAnswers ii-radial iiglia
- iiOnce iithe iineural iitube iicloses, iineuroepithelial iiprogenitors ii(NEP) iiline iithe iisurface
iiclosest iito iiwhat iiwill iibe iithe iicentral iicanal iior iiventricles. iiNEP iiundergoes iiinterkinetic
iinuclear iimigration, iiand iithen iimitosis iiwhen iithe iisoma iireturns iiback iito iithe iiventricular
iisurface. iiThis iimitosis iievent iigives iirise iito iiradial iiglia ii(RG) iicells, iiwhich iiis iionly
iipresent iiin iithe iiCNS. iiRG iiare iineuronal iistem iicells iithat iisend iia iiprojection iito iithe iipial
iisurface iiwhich iiprovides iisupport iifor iimigrating iineuroblasts. iiRG iistay iiwithin iithe iiVZ
iiand iiasymmetrically iidivide iito iigive iirise iito iia iisingle iiimmature iineuron. iiThis
iineuroblast iiwill iiundergo iiradial iimigration iialong iithe iiRG iiprojection iito iithe iimantle
iizone. iiThis iicluster iiof iicells iiis iithe iiprogenitor iidomain. iiEarly iiborn iineurons iiwill
iipopulate iithe iideeper iilayers iiof iithe iicortex ii(L6), iiand iilater iiborn iineurons iiwill
iipopulate iithe iisuperficial iilayers ii(L2/3). iiAfter iineurogenesis, iithe iiRG iiwill iiundergo
iigliogenesis iiand iigive iirise iito iiglia iicells, iilike iioligodendrocytes iiand iiastrocytes.
Which iiof iithe iifollowing iimorphogens iiis iiderived iifrom iithe iinotochord?
a. iiShh-sonic iihedgehog
b. iiBMP4- iibone iimorphogenic iiprotein ii4
c. iiWnt1- iiWnt iifamily iimember ii1
d. iiFGF8- iifibroblast iigrowth iifactor ii8 ii- iiCorrect iiAnswers ii-Shh- iisonic iihedgehog
-The iinotochord iiis iilocated iijust iiventral iito iithe iineural iitube. iiShh iiis iia iiventrally
iiderived iicue. iiBMP4 iiis iia iidorsally iiderived iimorphogen iicue iifrom iithe iiroofplate. iiWnt1
iiand iiFGF8 iiare iiimportant iicues iifor iipatterning iithe iiforebrain ii(anterior iiand iiposterior
iiaxis).
The iimaturation iiof iiwhich iiof iithe iifollowing iicell iitypes iicontinues iiin iiyour iiprefrontal
iicortex iiwell iiinto iiyour ii20s?
a. iioligodendrocytes
b. iilower iimotor iineurons
c. iiradial iiglia
d. iiDRG iisensory iineuron ii- iiCorrect iiAnswers ii-oligodendrocytes
- iiThe iiprefrontal iicortex iiis iipart iiof iithe iiCNS, iitherefore iilower iimotor iineurons iiand
iiDRG iisensory iineurons iiare iiincorrect. iiRadial iiglia iiis iithe iistem iicell iipopulation iithat
iigives iirise iito iineurons ii(neurogenesis), iifollowed iiby iiglia ii(gliogenesis). iiThe iiprefrontal
iicortex iiis iia iiregion iiinvolved iiin iicognitive iiand iiexecutive iiprocesses, iipersonality, iiand
iiother iihigher iiorder iiprocesses. iiThese iidomains iiof iicognition iiundergo iisignificant
iineural iiplasticity iiand iiconcomitant iimyelination.
Recently, iia iicompeting iilab iihas iishown iithat iiKctd13 iiis iia iikey iiregulator iiof iineural
iiprogenitor iiproliferation. iiLoss iiof iiKctd13 iiwould iibe iimost iilikely iito iidirectly iialter iiwhich
iiof iithe iifollowing iiprocesses?
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