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Psychopharmacology; brain and behavior Study test in depth Examination and 100% correctly verified Solutions Latest version 2024/2025$11.49
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Psychopharmacology; brain and behavior Study test in depth Examination and 100% correctly verified Solutions Latest version 2024/2025
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Course
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
Institution
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
Psychopharmacology; brain and behavior Study test in depth Examination and 100% correctly verified Solutions Latest version 2024/2025
What happens to the substances that cannot be catabolized or excreted? - correct answer They build up in the body making them toxic
What is an example of a sub...
Psychopharmacology; brain and behavior
Study test in depth Examination and
100% correctly verified Solutions Latest
version 2024/2025
What happens to the substances that cannot be catabolized or excreted? - correct
answer They build up in the body making them toxic
What is an example of a substance that is not easily eliminated? - correct answer
Mercury
What is the solution to humans nowadays who consume lots and many sorts of drugs? -
correct answer Redesigning waste management systems to remove by products
eliminated by humans as well as by other animals
How do most drugs that produce psychoactive effects work? - correct answer By
influencing chemical reactions at synapses
What are synapses? - correct answer Gaps between adjacent neurons.
What are the major steps in neurotransmission at a synapse? - correct answer 1.
Synthesis of the neurotransmitter in the cell body, the axon, or the terminal
2. Packaging and storage of the neurotransmitter in vesicles
3. Release of the transmitter from the terminal's presynaptic membrane into the
synapse
4. Receptor interaction in the postsynaptic membrane, as the transmitter acts on an
embedded receptor
5a. Inactivation by reuptake into the presynaptic terminal for reuse OR
5b. Inactivation by enzymatic degradation of excess neurotransmitter
,What are agonists? - correct answer Substances that enhance neurotransmitter
function
What are antagonists? - correct answer Substances that block neurotransmitter
function
What is tolerance? - correct answer Decrease in response to a drug with the passage
of time
What was the experimented conducted by Harris Isbell about tolerance? - correct
answer Researchers would give volunteers in prison enough alcohol to initially reduce a
state of intoxication and then administer additional doses everyday over a 13 week
period
-found out that the participants did not remain drunk for the entire period and had to
have their dosage increased
-found out that blood alcohol levels and signs of intoxication fluctuated as the
experiment went on and did not necessarily correspond to each other because of
tolerance (result in 3 kinds of tolerance: metabolic, cellular, and learned)
What are the kinds of tolerance with details? - correct answer Metabolic tolerance: The
number of enzymes needed to break down alcohol in the liver, blood, and brain
increases so alcohol consumed is metabolized more quickly and blood alcohol levels
fall
Cellular tolerance: Brain cell activities adjust to minimize the effects of alcohol in the
blood (this helps to explain why the behavioral signs of intoxication may be so low
despite a relatively high blood alcohol level)
Learned tolerance: A drop in outward signs of intoxication as people learn to cope with
the demands of living under the influence of alcohol
What was the experiment conducted by John Wenger about learned tolerance? -
correct answer They trained rats to prevent electric foot shocks on a narrow conveyor
belt sliding over an electrified grid
-four groups: alcohol after training, alcohol before training, training only, alcohol only
,-before final test, all groups had alcohol and rats that had alcohol before training were
better
Between tolerance and sensitization, which one is more likely to develop with repeated
use? With intermittent use? - correct answer Repeated use- tolerance
Intermittent use- sensitization
What does tolerance resemble? - correct answer Habituation in that the response to
the drug weakens with repeated presentations
What is the experiment conducted by Terry Robinson and Jill Becker about
sensitization? - correct answer They isolated rats in observation boxes and recorded
their reaction to an injection of amphetamine and every 3/4 days, the investigators
injected the rats and found their motor activities more vigorous with each administration
of the same drug dose
Why is sensitization not always characterized by an increase in an elicited behavior? -
correct answer Because they can also manifest as a progressive decrease in behavior
What is the experiment conducted by Ian Whishaw about sensitization with decreased
behavior? - correct answer They put trained rats in a swimming tank and with each
successive trial of giving them flupentixol which blocks dopamine receptors, they slowed
down more and more until they just stopped swimming all together
Why does the neural basis of sensitization lie in part in changes at the synapse? -
correct answer Sensitization is associated with changes in receptor numbers on the
postsynaptic membrane, in the rate of transmitter metabolism in the synaptic space, in
transmitter reuptake by the presynaptic membrane, and in number and size of synapses
How do we know that sensitization also has a learned basis? - correct answer The
experiment conducted by Sabrina fraioli gave amphetamine to two groups where one
lived in the test apparatus/home and the other group was taken and placed in a new
test box each day and the home group showed no sensitization
, Why is sensitization is revenant to understanding some psychopharmacological effects
of drugs? - correct answer 1. Many drug therapies must be taken for several weeks
before they produce beneficial effects and sensitization maybe underlies the
development of these beneficial effects
2. Sensitization is related to drug dependence because before a person becomes
dependent on or addicted to a drug, he or she must be sensitized by numerous
experiences with the drug away from the home environment
3. Life experiences especially stressful ones can produce effects resembling
sensitization that prime the nervous system for addiction
______________, substances that produce changes in behavior by acting on the
nervous system, are one subject of _____________, the study of how drugs affect the
nervous system and behavior. - correct answer Psychoactive drugs
Psychopharmacology
Perhaps the most important obstacle on a psychoactive drug's journey between its entry
into the body and its action at a target is the _______________, which generally allows
only substances needed for nourishment to pass from the capillaries into the
_________. - correct answer blood-brain barrier; brain
Most drugs that have psychoactive effects influence chemical reactions at neuronal
_______________. Drugs that influence communication between neurons do so by
acting either as ________________ (increasing the effectiveness of neurotransmission)
or as ________________ (decreasing the effectiveness of neurotransmission). -
correct answer synapses; agonists; antagonists
Behavior may change with the repeated use of a psychoactive drug. These changes
include ____________ and __________ in which the effect of the drug decreases or
increases, respectively, with repeated use. - correct answer Tolerance, sensitization
The body eliminates drugs through ____________, ______________, _____________,
_____________, and ____________. - correct answer Feces, urine, sweat, breathe,
breast milk
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