NUR 8022 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND WELL
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ||
GUARANTEED PASS | ALREADY GRADED A+
4 categories of acid-base imbalances - ANSWER-1. Respiratory acidosis—
Elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression or alveolar hypoventilation;
causes true hypercapnia
2.Respiratory alkalosis—Depression of pCO2 as a result of hyperventilation,
causes hypocapnia
3.Metabolic acidosis—Depression of HCO3- from ECF or an increase in
noncarbon acids
4.Metabolic alkalosis—Elevation of HCO3-, usually as a result of an excessive
loss of metabolic acids, like with vomiting, GI suctioning, excessive bicarbonate
intake, hyperaldosteronism, and diuretic therapy
What happens to the percentage of body water through the lifespan? - ANSWER-
Newborns; 75-90%
Childhood; 60-65%
Adults; 60%
Older adults; declines with age
Why do older adults experience a decrease in body percentage of water? -
ANSWER-- increased adipose tissue
- decreased muscle mass
,- renal decline
- diminished thirst
What 3 hormones regulate calcium and phosphate? - ANSWER-1. PTH - increases
plasma calcium levels via kidney reabsorption. Secreted in response to low serum
Ca.
2. Vitamin D - fat soluble steroid that increases Ca absorption in GI
3. Calcitonin - decreases Ca
Cause and symptoms of hypocalcemia - ANSWER-cause; inadequate absorption,
decreased PTH and vit. D, blood transfusion
signs; increased neuromuscular excitability, muscle spasms, Chvostek and
trousseau sign, convulsions, tetany
Causes and manifestations of hypercalcemia - ANSWER-cause; high PTH, bone
mets, high Vit D., immobilization, acidosis
signs; muscle weakness, kidney stones, constipation, heart block
What happens in metabolic acidosis? - ANSWER-- increase non-carbonic acids
- bicarb lost from ECF, kidneys can't regenerate
- H+ move to intracellular space, K moves to ECF.
- RR increases
- kidneys excrete NH+4
- pH <7.35
- Hc03 <24
, Manifestations of metabolic acidosis - ANSWER-Headache
Lethargy
Kussmaul respirations
Determine cause of MA based on serum anion gap - ANSWER-Gap > 10-12 look
at MUDPILES (Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Paraldehyde, iron, lactic acid, ethylene
glycol, salicylates)
Gap < 10-12 calculate urine anion gap (<0 = diarrhea) (>0 = renal tubular acidosis)
Causes of metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER-severe vomiting, excessive GI
suctioning, diuretics, excessive NaHCO3 intake, high aldosterone with low k
Manifestations of Metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER-weakness
Muscle cramps (from hypocalcemia)
Hyperactive reflexes
Causes of respiratory acidosis - ANSWER-Depression of the respiratory center.
Respiratory muscle paralysis
Disorders of chest wall
Disorders of the lung parenchyma
Manifestations of respiratory acidosis - ANSWER-Headache, restlessness, blurred
vision, apprehension, lethargy, muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, coma
