Pharm 3
What is type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
an autoimmune disorder that destroys pancreatic beta cells
When is the onset of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus most common?
sudden onset between ages 4 and 20
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What does type 1 Diabetes Mellitus require for treatment?
exogenous insulin administration
What is type 2 Diabetes Mellitus characterized by?
hyperglycemia and insulin resistance
When is the onset of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus most common?
gradual onset after age 40
What are some serious conditions that can be caused by uncontrolled type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
DKA and Renal failure
What are some serious conditions that can be caused by uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
myocardial infarction and stroke
,What is the percentage of people who have type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
10%, 90%
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What percentage of type 2 diabetics require exogenous insulin at some point in their lives?
20-30%
What is hemoglobin?
an oxygen carrying pigment and predominant protein in RBCs
What percentage of hemoglobin is hemoglobin A "adult type" ?
90%
What minor component of hemoglobin is glucose bound too?
Hemoglobin A1c
The higher the glucose concentration in blood, the higher the level of ...?
Hemoglobin A1c
What does hemoglobin A1c reflect about an individual's glucose levels?
the average levels over the past 12 weeks
What can we test for when monitoring the effects of diet, exercise, and drug therapy on blood
glucose in diabetic patients?
Hemoglobin A1c
What is endogenous insulin?
A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas
What characteristics of endogenous insulin secretion are important to remember?
levels increase after a meal, and it is secreted into portal circulation
What does insulin bind to allowing rapid entry of glucose into cells?
, cellular receptors
What does insulin metabolize carbohydrates into?
glucose
How is type 2 Diabetes Mellitus characterized?
What does insulin metabolize fats into?
lipids
What does insulin metabolize proteins into?
amino acids
What is insulin secretion inhibited by?
stimulation of specific adrenergic receptors, and stress
What is a major stimulus for insulin secretion?
glucose
How can insulin be given?
Sub-Q or IV (if regular)
What is the main insulin concentration?
U-100
What is U-100, 100 units of insulin?
1 milliliter
What color is the tip of the syringe for insulin?
orange
What is the purpose of administering insulin?
promotes cellular uptake of glucose and potassium, and converts glucose into glycogen
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