Learning correct answers Change in behaviour: the acquisition of a new response OR the suppression of an existing response
- Long lasting
- Any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experiences
Key to learning correct answers Association
Associative learning --> co...
PSY2236 || All Correct.
Learning correct answers Change in behaviour: the acquisition of a new response OR the
suppression of an existing response
- Long lasting
- Any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experiences
Classicial conditioning correct answers learning to associate one stimulus with another, e.g.
jingling of keys and separation anxiety in dogs
CC: Acquisition of learning correct answers a negatively accelerating curve
Asymptote (graph) correct answers reached the point of which we can measure - doesn't mean it
hasn't reached its potential
Appetitive US correct answers automatically elicits approach responses, i.e. eating, drinking,
caressing [responses which give satisfaction & pleasure]
Aversive US correct answers responses which are painful/harmful and elicit avoidance & escape
responses, i.e. bitter taste, electric shock
Appetitive CC: Duration correct answers slower, requires greater number of acquisition trials
Aversive CC: Duration correct answers established in 1-3 trials depending on the intensity of the
US
Aversive conditioning: Responses correct answers 1. Emotional CRs (i.e. fear): emerge first, e.g.
freezing
2. More specialised and adaptive motor CRs: e.g. running
Stimulus Substitution Theory [SST] correct answers Pavlov thought the CS became a substitute
for the US
- Innate US-UR reflex pathway
- CR & UR produced by same neural region
- Food = salivation
- CS = salivation
SO the CR should be the same as UR
Sign Tracking (Autoshaping) [supports SST] correct answers - Response not required
- US often food [appears regardless]
- Stimulus (CS) indicates US availability
,- Subject "tracks" the sign more and more
- CS takes on properties of US (animals become powerfully attracted to cues that signal an
imminent reward)
Jenkins and Moore (1973) correct answers Form of the CR.
Pigeons pecked the water-related key with drink-like movements such as licking (beak was
closed). Pigeons pecked the food-related key with an open beak.
Found: the nature of the US determines the form of the CR
Evidence against SST correct answers Any study in which the elicited CR is different from the
UR (often the case with aversive US)
Evidence against SST: example correct answers when a tone is paired with shock, rats will jump
to the US (shock) but the CR is freezing
- freezing = preparatory defensive response
Preparatory Response Theory correct answers Kimble proposed: the CR is a response that serves
to prepare the organism for the upcoming US
Compensatory-Response Model correct answers [A version of prep. response theory]
- The compensatory after-effects to a US come to be elicited by the CS
- Based on the opponent-process theory of emotion/motivation
CRM: example correct answers Drug US --> initial rush UR --> then withdrawal UR
- If a CS (syringe) precedes the drug US, the the CR it elicits is the withdrawal component
Stimulus Generalisation correct answers A tendency to respond to a stimuli that are similar, but
not identical to, conditioned
e.g. match the tone of Hz of the bell to the drops of saliva
Stimulus Discrimination correct answers The learned ability to respond differently to similar
stimuli - pick the real deal from the look-alikes
Transfer of Training correct answers Being able to apply knowledge gained in one situation to
that of a similar one
Discrimination correct answers the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli
that do not signal an US
Stimulus Generalisation - Non Physical Dimensions correct answers Semantic Generalisation -
generalisation to words with a similar meaning may occur
- Day = may, week
Plants can learn correct answers - Plants = innate tendency to grow towards light 'phototropism'
- 'Plant cognitive ecologists': Could they learn to grow towards light?
,Plants - Test correct answers Seedlings were able to learn/choose the best growth direction for
survival by correctly predicting the occurrence of light once it had been removed
Learning about single stimuli correct answers Non-associative learning
Noticing and Ignoring correct answers Sensitisation and Habituation
Learning about relationships between events correct answers Associative learning
Operant conditioning correct answers Learning about the consequences of our behaviour: learn
the results of our behaviours to avoid making mistakes & repeat behaviours that produce positive
outcomes
Social Learning correct answers Need to learn from the successes & mistakes of others
Habituation correct answers Progressive decrease in the strength of an elicited response that may
occur with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus
- Response waves with repeated exposure
Habituation: Type of stimulus correct answers Stimulus tends to be of little or no importance
- we engage in this type of learning so we can tune out unimportant stimuli and focus on what
matters
Habituation: Orienting response correct answers When something new happens we pay attention
to it and show an orienting response
- Move toward new event; look in the direction/lean toward
- People & animals notice novelty from birth
Sensory adaptation correct answers Tendency of sensory receptors to fatigue and stop responding
to an unchanging stimulus - they change their sensitivity to the stimulus
- PHYSICAL, bottom-up process
- Short-lived
Habituation: duration correct answers long - lasting, days/weeks
- depends on the timing of the exposure
Dishabituation correct answers The recovery of a habituated response as a result of the
presentation of a sensitising stimulus that results from a process similar to sensitisation that is
superimposed on habituation
Michael Davis: startle responding in a rat correct answers - Presenting a tone stimulus causes the
rat to startle
- Repeated presentations of the tone results in progressively less startle responding
- Presented light prior to the tone = caused dishabituation [return of startle response]
, Two "forms" of habituation correct answers 1. Short ISI leads to good short term habituation
[shows spontaneous recovery]
2. Long ISI leads to good long term habituation
Sensitisation correct answers Occurs when our response to an event increases rather than
decreases with repeated exposure
- Represents an increased reactivity to ALL stimuli [CNS] (unlike habituation) that occurs by
decreasing the sensory threshold to significant external events
Michael Davis: Sensitisation in rats correct answers - Tones presented in a quiet environment
(60dB) undergo habituation
- Tones presented in a noisy environment (80dB) undergo sensitisation
MD: Sensitisation in rats explained correct answers - Loud background is arousing --> enhanced
reactivity
- This greater reactivity should = greater startle reaction [sensitisation]
- Quiet background --> arousal of CNS is minimal
- This reduces the ability of the unexpected 110dB tone stimulus to elicit the startle reaction
[habituation]
Habituation & Sensitisation correct answers Can affect responding at the same time
- Experimental procedure: infants looking at 2 different stimuli which varied in complexity and
presented to them for 10 seconds over 8 trials
Habituation in the infant: Results correct answers - Looking time steadily decreases over trials as
the infant habituates to the similar 4x4 visual stimulus
- Looking time first increases to the complex 12x12 stimulus (sensitisation) before it decreases
(habituation)
Significance of results correct answers - Attention elicited by a novel stimulus changes with
familiarity
- The nature of the change depends on nature of stimulus
Infant experiment - Dishabituation correct answers - Visual fixation became habituated to a 4x4
checkerboard stimulus presented over 8 trials
- After trial 8, a tone was presented as a dishabituating stimulus along with the checkerboard
pattern causing recovery of visual fixation to the pattern
Differing from Habituation and Sensitisation correct answers - Intensity of the stimulus
• low intensity stimulus = habituation
• high intensity stimulus = sensitisation
.• intermediate intensity stimulus = period of sensitisation then habituation
- The evolutionary (adaptive) significance of the stimulus can often override intensity
• e.g. baby's cries essential for mother to habituate to the sound - adaptive to --> sensitised to
them
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