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Psc126 Exam with complete solutions 2024_2025.
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Psc126 Exam with complete solutions 2024_2025.
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Psc126 Exam with complete solutions2024/2025
what is health psychology [3] - ANSWER-• Scientific study of psychological
influences on physical health
1) How we stay healthy (Health promotion and maintenance)
2) Why we become ill (Etiology and prevention of illness)
3) How we respond when we get ill (Treatment, improvement of health care
system
and the formulation of health policy)
Changing causes of mortality between 1900 and 2010
(Increased mortality due to chronic, lifestyle-related illnesses) - ANSWER--
1900's: Acute, infectious disorders: Tuberculosis, pneumonia, influenza (flu)
- 2000's: Chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs):
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancer
What are non-communicable diseases (NCDs), examples - ANSWER-1.
cardiovascular diseases
2. diabetes
3. chronic respiratory diseases
4. cancer
Definition of a theory - ANSWER-Set of analytic statements that explain a set of
phenomena
,advantages of theory - ANSWER-• Provide guidelines for how to do research and
interventions
• Generate specific predictions that can be tested
and modified
• Help tie together loose ends
- Example: Allostatic load theory of stress
What is an experiment? - ANSWER-A study in which two or more different
conditions are
created to which people are assigned randomly and their
reactions are measured
Randomized clinical trial (RCT): - ANSWER-A type of experiment conducted to
evaluate treatments or interventions and their effectiveness
e.g. Beck Depression Inventory Scores
Correlational research:
-defn
-example
-disadvantage - ANSWER-Measures whether a change in one variable
corresponds with changes in another variable
- Example: Studying biological correlates of happiness
- Example: Studying psychological correlates of relapse after quitting smoking
• Disadvantage - Difficult to determine the direction of causality
prospective research
-Looks forward in time to see how.... [2]
-conducted to...
-**key type - ANSWER-- People change
-Relationship between two variables changes over time
• Conducted to understand the risk factors that relate to
health conditions
• Longitudinal research: Same people are observed at
, multiple points in time
- Example: Longevity Project
retrospective research
-defn
-example - ANSWER-• Looks backward in time in an attempt to reconstruct
the conditions that led to a current situation
• Example: identifying the risk factors that lead to the
development of COPD (chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease)
Morbidity [epidemiological parameter] - ANSWER-Number of cases of a disease
that exist at some given point in time
mortality [epidemiological parameter] - ANSWER-Numbers of deaths due to
particular causes
Prevalence [epidemiological parameter] - ANSWER-Proportion of a population
who have a specific characteristic
Incidence [epidemiological parameter] - ANSWER-The number of new cases per
population in a given time period
Epidemiology - ANSWER-Study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of
infectious and noninfectious disease in a population
morbidity vs. mortality - ANSWER-proportions of illnesses in a population vs.
incidence of deaths in a population
mediator - ANSWER-Mediation = the predictor influences the outcome indirectly
via a mediator
• Once we account for indirect path through mediator, the relationship between
A and B becomes weaker or non-existent.
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