NUR 8022 Exam 3
4 categories of acid-base imbalances - ANSWER✅✅✅1.Respiratory acidosis—Elevation of pCO2 as a
result of ventilation depression or alveolar hypoventilation; causes true hypercapnia
2.Respiratory alkalosis—Depression of pCO2 as a result of hyperventilation, causes hypocapnia
3.Metabolic acidosis—Depression of HCO3- from ECF or an increase in noncarbonic acids
4.Metabolic alkalosis—Elevation of HCO3-, usually as a result of an excessive loss of metabolic acids, like
with vomiting, GI suctioning, excessive bicarbonate intake, hyperaldosteroinism, and diuretic therapy
Acidosis in respiratory system - ANSWER✅✅✅causes increased ventilation
ANP and BNP are antagonist to what - ANSWER✅✅✅RASS and stop secretion of aldosterone, renin,
and AD and the action of angiotensin II
Cause and symptoms of hypocalcemia - ANSWER✅✅✅cause; inadequate absorption, decreased
PTH and vit. D, blood transfusion
signs; increased neurmuscular excitability, muscle spasms, chvostek and troussea sign, convulsions,
tetany
Cause of hyperkalemia - ANSWER✅✅✅- shift K ICF to ECF
- decreased excretion
- low aldosterone
- hypoxia
- acidosis
- insulin low
- cell trauma
Cause of intra-renal? - ANSWER✅✅✅Acute tubular necrosis caused by ischemia (things that involve
disorders of renal parenchyma/interstitial tissue)
NUR 8022 Exam 3
,NUR 8022 Exam 3
Cause of nephrotoxic ATN? - ANSWER✅✅✅Antibiotics (neomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin)
accumulate in renal cortex and cause renal failure.
Cause of post-renal - ANSWER✅✅✅Acute urinary tract obstruction
Cause of pre-renal? - ANSWER✅✅✅Renal hypoperfusion
Causes and manifestations of hypercalcemia - ANSWER✅✅✅cause; high PTH, bone mets, high Vit
D., immobilization, acidosis
signs; muscle weakness, kidney stones, constipation, heart block
Causes and signs of hyperphosphatemia - ANSWER✅✅✅cause; addition of phosphate to ECF, long
use of enemas/laxatives, renal failure
often relation to low Ca levels
signs; same as low Ca with possible calcification of soft tissue
Causes and signs of hypophosphatemia - ANSWER✅✅✅causes; intestinal malabsorption, renal
excretion low, vit d deficiency, antacid use, etoh
signs; diminished release of o2, osteomalacia, muscle weakness, bleeding disorders, leukocyte alteration
Causes of hypokalemia - ANSWER✅✅✅- increased K into cell
- increased K loss
- hyperaldosterone
- respiratory alkalosis
NUR 8022 Exam 3
, NUR 8022 Exam 3
Causes of metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER✅✅✅severe vomiting, excessive GI suctioning, diuretics,
excessive NaHCO3 intake, high aldosterone with low k
Causes of respiratory acidosis - ANSWER✅✅✅Depression of the respiratory center.
Respiratory muscle paralysis
Disorders of chest wall
Disorders of the lung parenchyma
Causes of respiratory alkalosis - ANSWER✅✅✅High altitudes
Hypermetabolic states, such as fever, anemia, and thyrotoxicosis
Early salicylate intoxication
Anxiety or panic disorder
Improper use of mechanical ventilators
Chronic kidney disease defined by - ANSWER✅✅✅GFR <60ml/min for >3 months
Collecting ducts role? - ANSWER✅✅✅H20 reabsorption wit ADH
Na/K/H regulation
Final concentration
Complications of chronic pyelonephritis? - ANSWER✅✅✅Scarring increases risk of obstructive
patholgic condition.
Complications of upper urinary tract obstruction - ANSWER✅✅✅- hydroureter - dilation of ureters
- hydronephrosis - dilation of renal pelvis
- ureterohydronephrosis - dilation of ureters/renal pelvis/calyces
NUR 8022 Exam 3
