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Pulmonology Exam 1 Questions and answers
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Pulmonology Exam 1 Questions and answers Pulmonology Exam 1 Questions and answers Pulmonology Exam 1 Questions and answers
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Pulmonology Exam 1What are the two main components of the respiratory system? - ANS Airways -- primarily
responsible for conducting air to lungs (trachea, bronchi)
Lung parenchyma -- responsible for actual process of gas exchange (alveoli)
What are the three borders of the lung? - ANS Anterior, posterior, and inferior
What are the three surfaces of the lung? - ANS Costal, medial, and diaphragmatic surfaces
What is the visceral pleura? - ANS Inner layer of the pleura that closely adheres to the surface of the
lung
What is the parietal pleura? - ANS Outer layer of the pleura that lines the inner surface of the chest
wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum
What is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura called? - ANS Pleural space
What are the three lobes of the right lung? - ANS The right upper lobe (RUL)
Right middle lobe (RML)
Right lower lobe (RLL)
What are the two lobes of the left lung? - ANS The left upper lobe (LUL) and the left lower lobe (LLL)
What is the lingula in the context of lung anatomy? - ANS A small, tongue-shaped projection on the
left lung, corresponding to the middle lobe of the right lung
What does the horizontal fissure divide in the right lung? - ANS It divides the upper and middle lobes
What does the oblique fissure divide in the right lung? - ANS It divides the middle and lower lobes
What does the oblique fissure divide in the left lung? - ANS It divides the upper and lower lobes
,Where is the trachea located in the body? - ANS The trachea is located anterior to the esophagus in
the mediastinum
Begins at level of lower border of cricoid cartilage in neck (C6 vertebra) and extends inferiorly to
approximately the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra (T5)
What is the composition of the trachea? - ANS The trachea is composed of C-shaped hyaline
cartilage rings anteriorly and smooth muscle posteriorly
Open part of "C" faces posteriorly and is bridged by elastic connective tissue
Where does the trachea bifurcate into the right and left main bronchi? - ANS The trachea bifurcates
into the right and left main bronchi at the level of the sternal angle (angle of Louis) anteriorly,
forming the carina
Which main bronchus is material more likely to enter if you aspirate? - ANS Right main bronchus b/c
shorter, wider and more vertical than left main bronchus
How many lobar bronchi does the right main bronchus divide into? - ANS The right main bronchus
divides into three lobar (secondary) bronchi, one for each lobe of the right lung (upper, middle, and
lower)
How many lobar bronchi does the left main bronchus divide into? - ANS The left main bronchus
divides into two lobar bronchi, one for each lobe of the left lung (upper)
What are bronchioles? - ANS Smaller airways that lack cartilage and are primarily composed of
smooth muscle
What are terminal bronchioles and what do they lack? - ANS They are the smallest branches of the
bronchial tree that lack alveoli
What marks the beginning of the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs? - ANS Respiratory
bronchioles, which have alveoli budding from their walls
,Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur? - ANS In the alveoli, which are thin-
walled air sacs
What is the function of the pulmonary artery? - ANS Receives deoxygenated blood from the heart to
be oxygenated by the lung parenchyma.
Where does the pulmonary artery emerge from? - ANS The right ventricle and bifurcates into the left
and right main pulmonary arteries.
What type of blood do the pulmonary veins receive? - ANS Oxygenated blood from the alveoli
capillaries to the lungs.
What is the role of bronchial arteries? - ANS They play a crucial role in providing oxygenated blood to
the lung tissue.
Where do smaller lymph nodes drain into? - ANS Smaller lymph nodes drain into larger lymphatic
trunks (Mediastinal lymph nodes) to thoracic duct.
Which nerve provides innervation to the lungs? - ANS Vagus nerve (CN X).
What is the purpose of Pulmonary Function Tests? - ANS Evaluate symptoms and signs of lung
disease
Assess disease progression
Monitor therapy effectiveness
Evaluate preoperative patients in selected situations
What is Spirometry? - ANS It is the measurement of the air during inhalation and exhalation,
including lung volumes and lung capacity.
What does Diffusing capacity measure? - ANS It measures gas exchange in the lungs.
What is tidal volume (TV)? - ANS The volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath at
rest.
, What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)? - ANS The maximum volume of air that can be inspired
over and above the tidal volume.
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? - ANS The volume of air that can be expired after the
expiration of the tidal volume.
What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)? - ANS Volume in lungs at resting expiration.
What is total lung capacity (TLC)? - ANS Maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold after a
maximal inspiration (average 6L of air)
Sum of all lung volumes (IRV + TV + ERV + RV)
What is Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)? - ANS Volume of air exhaled from full inspiration to maximal full
expiration.
What is Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)? - ANS Volume exhaled in 1 second.
What does FEV1/FVC represent? - ANS Fraction of FVC exhaled in 1 second
Normal is 80% (0.80)
What does it indicate if FEV1/FVC < 80%? - ANS Obstructive disease
What does it indicate if FEV1/FVC >80%? - ANS Restrictive disease
How do obstructive and restrictive diseases appear on flow volume loops? - ANS Normal: exhalation
get linear line and swooped inspiratory limb
Obstructive: exhalation get steepling appearance, normal inspiration pattern
Restrictive: Exhalation get linear line, but smaller shape than normal (less volume, can't get air in),
inspiration get normal shape but smaller volume
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