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NR 325 Exam 1 Questions And Accurate Answers Graded A+
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NR 325 Exam 1 Questions And Accurate Answers Graded A+Endocrine System Function - Answer Produce hormones and release them directly into
the bloodstream
Insulin - Answer Metabolism and storage regulator of taken-in carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins (anabolic or storage hormone).
Transport glucose across cell membranes
Counterregulatory Hormones - Answer Counteract the actions of insulin, and elevate
blood glucose levels. They create a controlled release of glucose for energy, and
maintain normal levels of blood glucose.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
Glucagon - Q Normally produced by pancreatic alpha cells when blood sugar is low to
raise blood glucose levels. In diabetes II, glucagon is still produced, but because there
is so much insulin, our pancreas doesn't respond normally.
Diabetes Mellitus-Answer A chronic, multisystem disease related to abnormal insulin
production, impaired insulin utilization, or both. There is no cure, but diabetic
complications can be delayed or prevented with good management. Incidence of
diabetes is higher among African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native
Americans.
Complications of Diabetes-Answer Diabetes is responsible for the leading cause of adult
blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-traumatic lower limb amputations. It is also a
major contributing factor to heart disease and stroke.
Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes - Answer The presence of diabetes
increases with age due to reduced B-cell function and reduced insulin sensitivity (!! ),
carbohydrate metabolism altered. Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes is more
common in older adults, partly due to the normal physiologic changes of aging
,resembling that of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
Diabetes Type I Epidemiology - Answer Formerly called "juvenile onset" or "insulin
dependent" diabetes.
Most commonly seen in individuals < 40 years old age, and comprises 5-10% of all
individuals with diabetes.
Has an acute presentation.
It is an autoimmune disease in which B-cells responsible for insulin production are
destroyed. A genetic predisposition and exposure to a virus are factors that may
contribute to the development of DM I. Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells.
Manifestations occur after the pancreas is unable to produced insulin and symptoms are
rapid. Usually patients present to ER with DKA.
Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms - Answer Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Prediabetes - Answer Known as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting
glucose (IFG).
Prediabetes Labs - Answer IFG: fasting glucose levels 100-126 mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
A1C Lab - Answer It is a test that determines how well your glucose was stabilized
within the last three months.
A high A1C means that you have had high glucose levels in the last 3 months
, Type II Diabetes Etiology - Answer Probably has a genetic basis.
Genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance and as the disease advances, less insulin
production. There is also an increased risk for obesity.
Obesity is the strongest risk factor, especially obesity with an increased waist
circumference.
Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of childhood obesity.
Type II accounts for 90% of diabetics .
Pancreas continues to produce insulin, but the body can't use the insulin.
Diabetes Type II Risk Factors - Answer
Obesity
Aging
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of Type II DM
Urbanization
Certain ethnicities (AA, NA, Latino)
Diabetes Type II Clinical Manifestations - Answer
Nonspecific symptoms, may have classic symptoms of type I
Fatigue
Recurrent infections
Recurrent vaginal yeast or monilia infections
Cuts healing slowly
Blurred vision
The above symptoms often develop gradually.
Diagnosis of Diabetes: Fasting Plasma Glucose Level - Response >126 mg/dl
Fasting refers to no calorie intake for at least 8 hours. The FPG needs confirmation by a
repeat test on another day.
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