NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2
Questions And Answers Graded A+.
What is gastritis? - correct answer. Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will
be red and inflamed and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? - correct answer. Ingestion of irritating substances
such a alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
What is GERD? - correct answer. the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus
through the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of
highly acidic stomach acid that comes up.
What are the causes of GERD? - correct answer. Any condition or agent that alters
closure of the lower esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty
food, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features
like hiatal hernia
What are complications of GERD? - correct answer. Barrett's esophagus where
columnar tissue replaces normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a
high risk for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures,
pulmonary symptoms such as cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing
passages.
What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? - correct answer.
epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers
present on empty stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours
after food and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur
without warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? - correct answer. promotes both
gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer
healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
,What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) - correct answer. acute inflammation and
necrosis of large intestine. The intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? - correct answer. clostridium
difficile, exposure to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in
intestine
What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? - correct answer. foul
smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? - correct answer. stop current
antibiotics, treat ischemia and contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like
metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if severe
How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? - correct answer.
wearing appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and water only
What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? - correct answer. Periumbilical
pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting,
fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection
How do we assess for appendicitis? - correct answer. McBurney's point technique
when pressing on the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure
causes intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? - correct answer. previous surgery of the
intestines with adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of
the intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas, water and
electrolytes in the bowel.
What is a functional bowel obstruction? - correct answer. a problem with the act of the
bowel actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications,
opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the SNS
stimulation.
What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - correct answer. due to adhesions, hernia,
tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception
What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? - correct answer. hepatocellular
failure (jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and
portal hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more esophageal or
gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
Explain what jaundice is? - correct answer. green- yellow staining of tissues from
increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
, Where can you find jaundice on assessment? - correct answer. eyes, skin, and mouth
Explain what ascites is? - correct answer. pathological accumulation of fluid in the
peritoneal cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst
the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained with a
parenthesis
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - correct answer. neuropsychiatric syndrome from
too much ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia
and psychotic symptoms common along with jerking
What is another name for end stage liver disease? - correct answer. cirrhosis
What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones? - correct answer. sudden pain in the
RUQ/ center of the abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and vomiting.
Why do gallstones occur? - correct answer. due to often a blockage of a duct from a
cholesterol filled stone
What are the three stages of gallstone formation? - correct answer. supersaturation,
nucleation, hypo motility
Explain supersaturation phase - correct answer. bile is saturated with cholesterol,
causing precipitation of cholesterol
Explain nucleation phase - correct answer. the bile crystals begin to stick together and
become larger stones
Explain hypo motility phase - correct answer. the bile is stasis allowing the stones to
grow more
What are some of the risk factors for gallstones? - correct answer. prolonged fasting,
rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen, obesity
What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis? - correct answer. steady and dull
pain in the center or LUQ of abdomen, severe tenderness on palpation that radiates to
the back, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distention with hypoactive bowel sounds, low
grade fevers
What are the causes of pancreatitis? - correct answer. alcoholism is most causes,
biliary tract disease where the enzymes attack the pancreas, hypertriglyceridemia
What are the three function of the kidneys - correct answer. excretion, elimination,
regulation
