Praxis Family and Consumer Sciences 5122 Exam With Questions And
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Individuation is the process by which a person comes to think of himself or herself as a
separate individual even though a member of a family. Children at first identify
completely with the mores, norms, and values of their family; it is only after long-term
exposure to other people outside the home that a child will begin to question his or her
upbringing and perhaps modify his or her belief system. A fully individualized individual
maintains a stable personality without renouncing membership in a family to which he or
she may have disagreeable relations.
Agrarian societies are more likely to live with their extended families. -Answer An
extended family has more than one adult couple. For example, it would include the man
and the woman, their children, and their grandchildren. Agrarian societies in which
people stay on and work the same plot of land their entire life are more likely to maintain
extended families. This is, in part, because it is more difficult to move a large group. In
contemporary, industrial, urban, and nomadic cultures, people are more likely to live in
nuclear families-one adult couple and their dependent children
A person does not need Financial Stability in order to emotionally commit to a marriage.
- Answer Although money is a primary concern leading to divorce, what is more
significant for the spouses is good self-esteem, empathy, a sense of permanence, and a
strong personal identity. Good marriages survive the inevitable bad times through a
combination of humor, empathy, and habit. Empathy is key in marriage as it may
suggest that either of the partners may not get where the other partner is coming from.
However, a caring spouse would try to assist as much as possible.
A child between age 2 and 4 also has negligible impacts on jobs satisfaction. -Answer
Research shows that for parents, while there is tension created by role juggling, this is
offset by the enjoyment found in the work. The presence of a new baby significantly has
an adverse impact on job satisfaction. The needs of the newborn combined with the
wish to be with this new baby as much as possible make time away from home for any
reason an unpleasant experience. Flexible scheduling, high wages, and intellectual
challenge also have a direct positive correlation to job satisfaction.
The first step a person should take after divorce is accepting that the marriage is indeed
,over. - Answer Psychologists estimate that it takes most people at least two years to
accept divorce wholly. Until this is achieved the divorcee shall not pursue a new
relationship. The best way to effect the process of acceptance is by setting an individual
identity. It may be a development of a balance between being single and being a parent.
It is proper to look forward into the future, but an individual should be cognizant that one
cannot foresee what one will desire after one has come to fully comprehend the
absolute end of the marriage.
Sibling rivalry is most heightened between same-sex siblings under three years
difference. - Answer During the initial eight to ten years of life, siblings continue to
fluctuate between cooperation and rivalry. As they get older, they will frequently spend
little time together for several years, but through the course of the teen years will start
to have sympathy for each other. Most studies indicate that sibling adult relationships
merely magnify the relationship tone of the youth; that is, good relationships improve
and bad ones worsen.
Married women are usually paid a wage lower than that of single women. Answer This
runs against the generaltrend, whereby married people appear to be healthier,
wealthier, and happier than unmarried people. Among married men, there are fewer
tendencies to abuse alcohol and drugs and to become depressed. Among married
women, health is improved and it is reported that satisfaction with homelife is
increased. One reason married women may make less money is that they are more likely
to be having children, and therefore less focused on career building. Though many news
reports suggest marriage is a dying institution, the vast majority of Americans will marry
at some point in their lives.
Accepting a stepparent is toughest for adolescent girls. Answers The relationship that
develops between a stepparent, most especially a stepfather and an adolescent girl,
takes much longer to bond than any other combination. This may be due in part because
stepfathers tend to be less participatory with stepdaughters than with stepsons. The
result of remarriage regarding the children is little different than divorce itself as it
essentially means a fundamental restructuring of the family concept. However,
stepparents who make an effort to relate to their stepchildren are able to establish
positive relationships if given enough time.
Both family communication content and style are significant. - Answer Family members
should strive to communicate in a positive manner. Family decisions tend to be made to
maintain the status quo regarding conformity and avoidance of conflict. Due to both
genetic and environmental factors, family members are liable to fall prey to the same
type of life problems. While there is a general trend toward continuity and stability, no
family can fail to change with the aging of its individual members and under the impact
,of environmental pressure. Finally, it is a central tenet of family science that it is
impossible to understand a family member without understanding the family as a whole.
One of the best ways a husband can respond to criticism from his wife, according to
John Gottman, is through humor. - Answer If the partner who is criticized responds to
criticism with deflection or soothing of the other person, the tempers are cooled and the
partnership remains intact. Gottman indicates that in an unsuccessful relationship,
there is a classic pattern of degenerating communication. The pattern begins with
criticism that is not specifically behavior-targeted but rather attacks the other individual
as a whole. That is, the criticism of an unsuccessful couple tends toward character
assassination. These negative interactions eventually build to contempt, where one
partner openly disrespects and denigrates the other. The inevitable response to
contempt is defensiveness, which devolves into stonewalling or a complete avoidance
of interaction. When couples no longer speak with one another, the relationship is
doomed.
Individual differences among same-age people are greatest during early adolescence. -
Answer Puberty may begin at any point over the course of a five-year time span,
although it tends to begin earlier for girls than for boys. The changes wrought by
puberty are monumental and can lead to rapid fluctuations in personality, physical
development, and emotional maturity. These fluctuations require special awareness on
the part of teachers when dealing with middle-school children. Family and consumer
science teachers may very well become liaison agents between parents and their
children as family relationships become strained during early adolescence.
When two children get into an argument and decide that their mother's view will
determine how they'll resolve the conflict, they are using arbitration. - Answer In
arbitration, two parties at odds with each other decide to rely on the wisdom of a
presumably neutral third party. Often, the parties will also create rules as to how a
decision is to be made. In parenting, arbitration usually won't work to settle a dispute
because the children will almost never honor a decision that goes against their interest.
Conciliation is a form of conflict resolution by which the parties in dispute are merely
summoned to meet together and talk, on the principle that a resolution will result
naturally from such a meeting. In mediation, the conflicting parties decide to enlist the
aid of a neutral third party as they try to settle their differences. The parties in mediation
do not agree to abide by the suggestions of the third party. In negotiation, two parties
attempt to reach an agreement that is satisfactory to both. Negotiation in family life is
similar to compromise. A restorative justice system is one where the person who has
been wronged gets some kind of compensation from the wrongdoer. Therefore,
restorative justice is applied basically when the parents make one sibling apologize to
the other sibling.
, Generally speaking, children whose mother works have more self-esteem. It is unlikely
to have only one reason for this phenomenon, although one may speculate that girls can
be inspired by such a successful example of a working mother. Daughters of working
mothers tend to be more self-standing, they are likely to have a more equal view of
gender relations. The sons of the working mother when being unsupervised start to
show poor results at school. It is also essential for both parents to hold a positive
attitude about maternal employment; more importantly, husbands should support their
wives in ways that can be perceived positively by the children.
In times of conflict, family members will align or take sides to consolidate power.
Answer Although this process is natural, it can become problematic if the groups last
for too long or create a permanent imbalance of power. The idea that family life is a
series of actions and reactions is an assumption of Milan systematic family therapy. This
approach to family therapy emphasizes patterns of behavior that lock family members
into their roles, therefore inhibiting their personal growth. Behavioral family therapists
assume that bad behavior persists when it is reinforced. These therapists strive to show
family members how they may be inadvertently reinforcing the very behavior they seek
to discourage. Object relations family therapists assume that ill will in a family is often a
result of negative projection. In other words, the members of a family may attribute their
own negative characteristics to their family members.
One drawback to inpatient alcoholism treatment is the cost. - Most inpatient programs
are not covered by health insurance and the family must pay out-of-pocket for this type
of treatment. Inpatient programs are very successful, estimated 70% have remained
sober at least five years. Many of the inpatient programs also use the Alcoholics
Anonymous 12-step model of. Since they are on the property, patients cannot drink
while enrolled. Personal commitment by a patient is what an inpatient program requires.
Answer The preoperational stage is the second of the four stages and occurs between 2
and 7 years old. In Piaget's model, the capacity to envision the mental lives of other
individuals emerges during the preoperational stage. This capacity is referred to as
sympathy. The first stage in the Piaget model is the sensorimotor stage, starting at birth
and extending to about the age of 2. At this stage, the activation of sense organs takes
place, and object permanence is learned by the child. In the third stage-the concrete
operational stage-the child enhances his or her cognition to the extent that objects with
varied shapes can have the same volume. This stage falls between ages 7 and 12. In the
formal operational stage, the ability to think abstractly has been developed. When this
stage does happen-and it does not for everyonethey happens generally after age 12.
Role strain is demonstrated by a new teacher who struggles with the demands of
