Test Bank For
Maternal-Child Nursing 6th Edition by Emily Slone McKinney, Susan R. James, Sharon
Smith Murray, Kristine Nelson
Chapter 1-55
Chapter 01: Foundations of Maternity, Women’s Health, and Child Health Nursing
Sure! I’ll expand on the topics re lated to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more de tailed e xploration. This overview will cover fundamental conce pts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of business
taxation.---### Overview of Bus iness Entities#### 1. Types of Bus iness Entities Business e ntities can be categorized based on ownership st ructure and ta x treatment. Unde rstanding these types is crucial for de termining ta x
obligations and benefits.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of bus iness entity. Income is reported on the owner’s pe rsonal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which
simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for debts a nd obligations. - **Partnerships**: - Consis ting of two or more individuals, partners hips do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered
pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while pa rtne rs re ceive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**:
- Corpora tions are separa te legal entities tha t provide limite d lia bility protection to their owners (s hareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level
when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through e ntities but have res trictions on owne rship and numbe r of shareholders.- **Limite d Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the
flexibility of partners hips with the liability prote ction of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprie torship, pa rtne rship, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each
Entity TypeUnde rstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effe ctive bus iness planning. - **Sole Proprie tors hips**: - Income is taxed at the owne r’s individual ta x rate. All profits and losses are reported
on the owne r’s tax return. This s implicity, however, can e xpose owne rs to significant persona l risk. - **Partners hips**: - Each partner reports the ir sha re of income and losses on the ir persona l re turns, allowing for loss
deductions. Partners are also subje ct to self-em ployment taxes on their share of the income, which can s ignificantly impact ta x liability. - **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed a t the corporate ta x rate (currently
21%). Dividends a re taxed again at the sha reholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxa tion, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholde rs. - **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default,
single-member LLCs a re treated as sole proprietorships for ta x purposes, while multi-mem ber LLCs are treated as pa rtne rships. However, they can e lect to be taxe d as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1.
Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, dete rmining when income must be reported. - **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose be tween cash and accrual methods.
Cash accounting recognizes income whe n re ceived and e xpenses when pa id, making it s traightforwa rd. Accrual accounting re cognizes income when ea rned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it
relates to, but can complicate cash flow ma nagement.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting ta x liability.- **Ordina ry and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions for
expenses tha t are ordinary (common in the industry) and ne cessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on De ductions**: -
Certain expe nses, such as meals and ente rtainme nt, have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effe ctive tax planning.#### 3. Tax Cre ditsTax credits directly
reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dolla r re duction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and Development (R&D) ta x credit, which encourages innovation, and the W ork
Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individua ls from certain target g roups.### Specific Business Entity Taxation#### 1. Pa rtne rships Partne rships are a popular choice for many businesses due to their flexible structure. -
**Pass-Through Taxation**: - Income is reported on individual partners’ re turns, preventing double taxation. However,
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which factor significantly contributed to the shift from home births to hospital births in the
early 20th century?
a. Puerperal sepsis was identified as a risk factor in labor and delivery.
b. Forceps were developed to facilitate difficult births.
c. The importance of early parental-infant contact was identified.
d. Technologic developments became available to physicians.
ANS: D
Technologic developments were available to physicians, not lay midwives. So in-hospital
births increased in order to take advantage of these advancements. Puerperal sepsis has been a
known problem for generations. In the late 19th century, Semmelweis discovered how it could
be prevented with improved hygienic practices. The development of forceps is an example of
a technology advance made in the early 20th century but is not the only reason birthplaces
moved. Unlike home births, early hospital births hindered bonding between parents and their
infants.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
OBJ: Integrated Process: Teaching-Learning
MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment
2. Family-centered maternity care developed in response to
a. demands by physicians for family involvement in childbirth.
b. the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921.
c. parental requests that infants be allowed to remain with them rather than in a
nursery.
d. changes in pharmacologic management of labor.
, ANS: C
As research began to identify the benefits of early extended parent-infant contact, parents
began to insist that the infant remain with them. This gradually developed into the practice of
rooming-in and finally to family-centered maternity care. Family-centered care was a request
by parents, not physicians. The Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 provided funds for
state-managed programs for mothers and children. The changes in pharmacologic
management of labor were not a factor in family-centered maternity care.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
OBJ: Integrated Process: Teaching-Learning
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
3. Which setting for childbirth allows the least amount of parent-infant contact?
a. Labor/delivery/recovery/postpartum room
b. Birth center
c. Traditional hospital birth
d. Home birth
ANS: C
In the traditional hospital setting, the mother may see the infant for only short feeding periods,
and the infant is cared for in a separate nursery. While this is slowly changing, to more closely
resemble other birthing models, the traditional hospital birth still offers the least amount of
parent-infant contact. The labor/delivery/recovery/postpartum room setting allows increased
parent-infant contact. Birth centers are set up to allow an increase in parent-infant contact.
Home births allow an increase in parent-infant contact.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering OBJ: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Sure! I’ll expand on the topics re lated to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more de tailed e xploration. This overview will cover fundamental conce pts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of business
taxation.---### Overview of Bus iness Entities#### 1. Types of Bus iness Entities Business e ntities can be categorized based on ownership st ructure and ta x treatment. Unde rstanding these types is crucial for de termining ta x
obligations and benefits.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of bus iness entity. Income is reported on the owner’s pe rsonal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which
simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for debts a nd obligations. - **Partnerships**: - Consis ting of two or more individuals, partners hips do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered
pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while pa rtne rs re ceive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**:
- Corpora tions are separa te legal entities tha t provide limite d lia bility protection to their owners (s hareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level
when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through e ntities but have res trictions on owne rship and numbe r of shareholders.- **Limite d Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the
flexibility of partners hips with the liability prote ction of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprie torship, pa rtne rship, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each
Entity TypeUnde rstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effe ctive bus iness planning. - **Sole Proprie tors hips**: - Income is taxed at the owne r’s individual ta x rate. All profits and losses are reported
on the owne r’s tax return. This s implicity, however, can e xpose owne rs to significant persona l risk. - **Partners hips**: - Each partner reports the ir sha re of income and losses on the ir persona l re turns, allowing for loss
deductions. Partners are also subje ct to self-em ployment taxes on their share of the income, which can s ignificantly impact ta x liability. - **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed a t the corporate ta x rate (currently
21%). Dividends a re taxed again at the sha reholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxa tion, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholde rs. - **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default,
single-member LLCs a re treated as sole proprietorships for ta x purposes, while multi-mem ber LLCs are treated as pa rtne rships. However, they can e lect to be taxe d as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1.
Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, dete rmining when income must be reported. - **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose be tween cash and accrual methods.
Cash accounting recognizes income whe n re ceived and e xpenses when pa id, making it s traightforwa rd. Accrual accounting re cognizes income when ea rned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it
relates to, but can complicate cash flow ma nagement.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting ta x liability.- **Ordina ry and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions for
expenses tha t are ordinary (common in the industry) and ne cessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on De ductions**: -
Certain expe nses, such as meals and ente rtainme nt, have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effe ctive tax planning.#### 3. Tax Cre ditsTax credits directly
reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dolla r re duction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and Development (R&D) ta x credit, which encourages innovation, and the W ork
Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individua ls from certain target g roups.### Specific Business Entity Taxation#### 1. Pa rtne rships Partne rships are a popular choice for many businesses due to their flexible structure. -
**Pass-Through Taxation**: - Income is reported on individual partners’ re turns, preventing double taxation. However,
4. The maternity nurse should have a clear understanding of the correct use of a clinical
pathway. One characteristic of clinical pathways is that they
a. are developed and implemented by nurses.
b. are used primarily in the pediatric setting.
c. set specific time lines for sequencing interventions.
d. are part of the nursing process.
ANS: C
, Clinical pathways are standardized, interdisciplinary plans of care devised for patients with a
particular health problem. They are used to identify patient outcomes, specify timelines to
achieve those outcomes, direct appropriate interventions and sequencing of interventions,
include interventions from a variety of disciplines, promote collaboration, and involve a
comprehensive approach to care. They are developed by multiple health care professionals
and reflect interdisciplinary care. They can be used in multiple settings and for patients
throughout the life span. They are not part of the nursing process but can be used in
conjunction with the nursing process to provide care to patients.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering OBJ: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment
5. A nurse wishes to work to reduce infant mortality in the United States. Which activity would
this nurse most likely participate in?
a. Creating pamphlets in several different languages using an interpreter.
b. Assisting women to enroll in Medicaid by their third trimester.
c. Volunteering to provide prenatal care at community centers.
d. Working as an intake counselor at a women‘s shelter.
ANS: C
Prenatal care is vital to reducing infant mortality and medical costs. This nurse would most
likely participate in community service providing prenatal care outreach activities in
community centers, particularly in low-income areas. Pamphlets in other languages, enrolling
in Medicaid, and working at a women‘s shelter all might impact infant mortality, but the
greatest effect would be from assisting women to get consistent prenatal care.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying
OBJ: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Sure! I’ll expand on the topics re lated to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more de tailed e xploration. This overview will cover fundamental conce pts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of business
taxation.---### Overview of Bus iness Entities#### 1. Types of Bus iness Entities Business e ntities can be categorized based on ownership st ructure and ta x treatment. Unde rstanding these types is crucial for de termining ta x
obligations and benefits.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of bus iness entity. Income is reported on the owner’s pe rsonal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which
simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for debts a nd obligations. - **Partnerships**: - Consis ting of two or more individuals, partners hips do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered
pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while pa rtne rs re ceive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**:
- Corpora tions are separa te legal entities tha t provide limite d lia bility protection to their owners (s hareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level
when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through e ntities but have res trictions on owne rship and numbe r of shareholders.- **Limite d Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the
flexibility of partners hips with the liability prote ction of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprie torship, pa rtne rship, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each
Entity TypeUnde rstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effe ctive bus iness planning. - **Sole Proprie tors hips**: - Income is taxed at the owne r’s individual ta x rate. All profits and losses are reported
on the owne r’s tax return. This s implicity, however, can e xpose owne rs to significant persona l risk. - **Partners hips**: - Each partner reports the ir sha re of income and losses on the ir persona l re turns, allowing for loss
deductions. Partners are also subje ct to self-em ployment taxes on their share of the income, which can s ignificantly impact ta x liability. - **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed a t the corporate ta x rate (currently
21%). Dividends a re taxed again at the sha reholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxa tion, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholde rs. - **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default,
single-member LLCs a re treated as sole proprietorships for ta x purposes, while multi-mem ber LLCs are treated as pa rtne rships. However, they can e lect to be taxe d as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1.
Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, dete rmining when income must be reported. - **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose be tween cash and accrual methods.
Cash accounting recognizes income whe n re ceived and e xpenses when pa id, making it s traightforwa rd. Accrual accounting re cognizes income when ea rned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it
relates to, but can complicate cash flow ma nagement.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting ta x liability.- **Ordina ry and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions for
expenses tha t are ordinary (common in the industry) and ne cessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on De ductions**: -
Certain expe nses, such as meals and ente rtainme nt, have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effe ctive tax planning.#### 3. Tax Cre ditsTax credits directly
reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dolla r re duction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and Development (R&D) ta x credit, which encourages innovation, and the W ork
Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individua ls from certain target g roups.### Specific Business Entity Taxation#### 1. Pa rtne rships Partne rships are a popular choice for many businesses due to their flexible structure. -
**Pass-Through Taxation**: - Income is reported on individual partners’ re turns, preventing double taxation. However,
6. Which statement is true regarding the ―quality assurance‖ or ―incident‖ report?
a. The report assures the legal department that no problem exists.
b. Reports are a permanent part of the patient‘s chart.
c. The nurse‘s notes should contain, ―Incident report filed, and copy placed in chart.‖
d. This report is a form of documentation of an event that may result in legal action.
ANS: D
An incident report is used when something occurs that might result in legal action, such as a
patient fall or medication error. It warns the legal department that there may be a problem in a
particular patient‘s care. Incident reports are not part of the patient‘s chart; thus the nurses‘
notes should not contain any reference to them.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
OBJ: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation
, MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment
7. Which woman would be most likely to seek prenatal care?
a. A 15-year-old who tells her friends, ―I don‘t believe I‘m pregnant.‖
b. A 20-year-old who is in her first pregnancy and has access to a free prenatal clinic.
c. A 28-year-old who is in her second pregnancy and abuses drugs and alcohol.
d. A 30-year-old who is in her fifth pregnancy and delivered her last infant at home.
ANS: B
The patient who acknowledges the pregnancy early, has access to health care, and has no
reason to avoid health care is most likely to seek prenatal care. Being in denial about the
pregnancy increases the risk of not seeking care. This patient is also 15, and other social
factors may discourage her from seeking care as well. Women who abuse substances are less
likely to receive prenatal care. Some women see pregnancy and delivery as a natural
occurrence and do not seek health care.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
OBJ: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Sure! I’ll expand on the topics re lated to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more de tailed e xploration. This overview will cover fundamental conce pts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of business
taxation.---### Overview of Bus iness Entities#### 1. Types of Bus iness Entities Business e ntities can be categorized based on ownership st ructure and ta x treatment. Unde rstanding these types is crucial for de termining ta x
obligations and benefits.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of bus iness entity. Income is reported on the owner’s pe rsonal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which
simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for debts a nd obligations. - **Partnerships**: - Consis ting of two or more individuals, partners hips do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered
pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while pa rtne rs re ceive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**:
- Corpora tions are separa te legal entities tha t provide limite d lia bility protection to their owners (s hareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level
when dividends are distributed. S-Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through e ntities but have res trictions on owne rship and numbe r of shareholders.- **Limite d Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the
flexibility of partners hips with the liability prote ction of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprie torship, pa rtne rship, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each
Entity TypeUnde rstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effe ctive bus iness planning. - **Sole Proprie tors hips**: - Income is taxed at the owne r’s individual ta x rate. All profits and losses are reported
on the owne r’s tax return. This s implicity, however, can e xpose owne rs to significant persona l risk. - **Partners hips**: - Each partner reports the ir sha re of income and losses on the ir persona l re turns, allowing for loss
deductions. Partners are also subje ct to self-em ployment taxes on their share of the income, which can s ignificantly impact ta x liability. - **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed a t the corporate ta x rate (currently
21%). Dividends a re taxed again at the sha reholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxa tion, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholde rs. - **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default,
single-member LLCs a re treated as sole proprietorships for ta x purposes, while multi-mem ber LLCs are treated as pa rtne rships. However, they can e lect to be taxe d as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1.
Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, dete rmining when income must be reported. - **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose be tween cash and accrual methods.
Cash accounting recognizes income whe n re ceived and e xpenses when pa id, making it s traightforwa rd. Accrual accounting re cognizes income when ea rned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it
relates to, but can complicate cash flow ma nagement.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting ta x liability.- **Ordina ry and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions for
expenses tha t are ordinary (common in the industry) and ne cessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on De ductions**: -
Certain expe nses, such as meals and ente rtainme nt, have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effe ctive tax planning.#### 3. Tax Cre ditsTax credits directly
reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dolla r re duction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and Development (R&D) ta x credit, which encourages innovation, and the W ork
Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individua ls from certain target g roups.### Specific Business Entity Taxation#### 1. Pa rtne rships Partne rships are a popular choice for many businesses due to their flexible structure. -
**Pass-Through Taxation**: - Income is reported on individual partners’ re turns, preventing double taxation. However,
8. A woman who delivered her baby 6 hours ago complains of headache and dizziness. The
nurse administers an analgesic but does not perform any assessments. The woman then has a
tonic-clonic seizure, falls out of bed, and fractures her femur. How would the actions of the
nurse be interpreted in relation to standards of care?
a. Negligent: the nurse failed to assess the woman for possible complications
b. Negligent: because the nurse medicated the woman
c. Not negligent: the woman had signed a waiver concerning the use of side rails
d. Not negligent: the woman did not inform the nurse of her symptoms as soon as
they occurred
ANS: A
There are four elements to malpractice, which is negligence in the performance of
professional duties: duty, breach of duty, damage, and proximate cause. The nurse was
negligent because she or he did not perform any assessments, which is the first step of the
nursing process and is a standard of care. By not assessing the patient, the nurse did not meet
established standards of care, and thus is guilty of professional negligence, or malpractice.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering OBJ: Nursing Process: Evaluation
MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment
9. Which patient situation fails to meet the first requirement of informed consent?
a. The patient does not understand the physician‘s explanations.
b. The physician gives the patient only a partial list of possible side effects and
complications.
