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CASAL 2 - UNIT 3, CASAL II UNIT 3 COMBINED CARDIO: QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
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CASAL 2 - UNIT 3, CASAL II UNIT 3 COMBINED CARDIO: QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
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CASAL 2 - UNIT 3, CASAL II UNIT 3 COMBINED CARDIO:QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
Vascular system purpose Right Ans - - The delivery of oxygenated blood to
the tissues
- The removal and transportation of cellular waste for excretion
- The return of circulatory volume to the right heart
- The return of lymph fluid back into the general circulation
Arterial System Right Ans - - high pressure system
- carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues (AWAY)
- sequence of vessels is as follows: arteries to arterioles to metarterioles to
capillaries.
Venous System Right Ans - - low pressure system
- valves prevent retrograde
- have flexibility adapt to changes in pressure which allows for IV fluids
Capillary bed Right Ans - - where oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the
tissues and cellular waste is removed
- very abundant in body
- entire capillary system is never full at the same time - There are muscle cells
or pre-capillary sphincters at the entrance of each capillary that constrict or
dilate to deliver or divert blood to areas of need
Pericardium 2 layers Right Ans - 1. Parietal - outer layer
2. Visceral - inner layer, closest to heart
Heart Diagram Right Ans -
How the heart works Right Ans - - atriums fill up
- the SA node initiates heartbeat
- electrical impulse from SA node spread accross both atria
- stimulate them to contract
- the AV node on the other side of the right atrium - serves as an electrical
gateway to the ventricles
- it delays the passage of electrical impulses to the ventricles
,- delay makes sure that all the blood from the atria has been moved to the
ventricles before the ventricles contract
- the AV node gets signals from the SA node and passes them on to the bundle
of His
- bundle of His located in the middle of heart
- the bundle then sends signals down to the bottom of the heart (apex)
-signals are then passed to Purkinjie fibers which makes the pulses move
upward and spread throughout the ventricular myocardium
RMP Right Ans - Resting Membrane Potential = more negative inside of cell
- RMP is -90mV
- has to reach threshold to fire an AP - threshold of -40mV
INSIDE: LOW Na+, Ca2+ and Cl-, HIGH K+
OUTSIDE: HIGH level of Na+, Ca2+ and Cl-, LOW K+
Cardiac action potential - 4 phases Right Ans - Phase 0: (Depolarization)
- Na+ fast gates open
- Na+ rushes into cell, making membrane potential to +30
Phase 1:
- when the cell is at its peak positive charge, negative chloride will rush into
cell and slows the influx of sodium
- so Na+ influx decreases causing a slight movement toward negative of the
membrane potential, producing an initial repolarization
Phase 2: Plateau state
- fast gates of sodium close
- Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ flows in
- Ca2+ needed to make ventricles physically contract
- rates of K+ and Ca2+ are equal (K+ going OUT is equal to Ca2+ coming IN)
Phase 3: Repolarization
- Ca2+ gates close
- K+ channels open more fully making the inside of the cell more negative
,Phase 4: return to RMP (-90mV), Na+/K+ pump move Na+ out of cell and K+
in
Refractory period - the time a 2nd AP can not be generated
PQRST wave Right Ans - P
- atrial depolarization
- atria are full of blood, the signal from the SA node is fired
P-Q
- the amount of time it takes for the the signal to travel from the SA node to
the AV node (so the atrias are emptying)
QRS
- the firing of the AV node
- ventricular depolarization
- pumping the blood out of ventricles
T
- ventricular repolarization
- electrical reset of the heart
Positive chronotropic effect Right Ans - an increase in heart rate
- drugs that cause an increase in HrR
Blood Pressure ranges Right Ans - Normal: 120/80
High normal: 130/80
Mild hypertension (stage 1): 140/90
Moderate Hypertension (stage 2): 160/100
Severe Hypertension: 180/120
Crisis hypertension: at or over 210/120
Impaired Perfusion signs and symptoms Right Ans - - pale, cool, moist
- pallor
- cyanosis
- prolonged capillary refill
- Tachycardia
- Weak and thready pulse
- decreased urinary output (<30ml/hr)
, - heart unable to compensate during activity
Heart sounds Right Ans - S1 - lub - closing of AV valves
S2 - dub - closing of semilunar valves
S3 - VENTRICULAR GALLOP - ventricles resist filling, you are hearing the
blood rushing from atria into ventricles, heard after S2, (kentucky) - early
diastole
S4 - ATRIAL GALLOP - heard before S1 (playing the drum) - late diastole after
atrial systole, ventricles are resistant to filling so atria have to give one more
squeeze to get blood into ventricles
Heart murmurs - Systolic or Diastolic Right Ans - - timing of a murmur is
crucial to accurate diagnosis.
- A murmur is either systolic, diastolic or continuous throughout systole and
diastole
SYSTOLIC murmur
- between the S1 and S2
- caused by valvular diseases such as aortic stenoisis
DIASTOLIC murmur
- between S2 and S1
- caused by valvular diseases such as aortic or pulmonic regurgitation
S3 & S4 = DIASTOLIC mumurs
Murmur causes Right Ans - - high rate of blood flow through the valve
- forward blood flow through a narrowed valve (stenosis)
- backward blood flow through an incompetent valve (regurgitation)
When are S3 murmurs normal? Right Ans - - in pregnant women
- athletes
- not past age 35-40
Murmur Grading Scale Right Ans - grade i - barely audible, hear in quiet
room, then w/ difficulty
grade ii - clearly audible, but faint
grade iii - moderately loud, easy to hear
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