Describe left sided heart failure and the typical cause.
- Correct Answer - Left ventricle is not pumping effectively and
typically caused by peripheral vascular disease.
What are some signs and symptoms of left sided heart failure?
- Correct Answer - Pulmonary effects and abdominal
distention.
What is a normal ejection fraction?
- Correct Answer - 55-70%
What is a reduced ejection fraction?
- Correct Answer - Anything lower than 40% and associated
with systolic heart failure.
What is a preserved ejection fraction?
, - Correct Answer - 40-49% and associated with diastolic heart
failure
Describe reduced ejection fraction.
- Correct Answer - Ineffective contraction and less oxygen-rich
blood that is pumped to the body.
What are the diagnostics for heart failure?
- Correct Answer - BNP over 100 indicates HF.
Echocardiogram can be done to evaluate the structure and
function of the heart.
What is the GFR for Stage 1 Kidney disease?
- Correct Answer - Normal or increased GFR - above 90ml/min
What type of symptoms are associated with stage 1 kidney
disease? - Correct Answer - Usually no symptoms present.
HTN can be present
What is the GFR for Stage 2 Kidney disease?
,- Correct Answer - Mild decrease to GFR - 60-8 mL/min
What is the GFR for Stage 3 Kidney disease?
- Correct Answer - Moderate decrease in GFR - 30-59 mL/min
What is the GFR for Stage 4 Kidney disease?
- Correct Answer - Severe decrease in GFR - 15-29 mL/min
What is the GFR for Stage 5 Kidney disease?
- Correct Answer - GFR lower than 15 mL/min - ESRD
What are the risk factors for community acquired pneumonia
(CAP)? - Correct Answer - Older age
Chronic illnesses
Smoking and alcohol abuse
Other lifestyle factors
What are the common bacteria that cause pneumonia?
- Correct Answer - Streptococcus pneumonia
Influenza A
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Chlamydiophila pneumoniae
, What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
- Correct Answer - Cough (with or without sputum)
Dyspnea
Pleuritic Chest (Chest pain)
Tachypnea
Increased work of breathing
Adventitious breath sounds like rales, bronchi and crackles
Tactile Fremitius and dullness on percussion
What are the systemic symptoms of pneumonia?
- Correct Answer - Fever
Malaise
Chest pain
Chills
Fatigue
Leukocytosis with a leftward shift
Leukopenia
What is the most common infection that can lead to sepsis?
- Correct Answer - Pneumonia
What is the treatment for pneumonia?
- Correct Answer - Adequate ventilation and oxygen
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