Class notes
PSY 232 The Social Self Notes
- Course
- PSY 232
- Institution
- University Of Rhode Island
This is a comprehensive and detailed note on the social self for Psy 232. *Essential Study Material!!
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The Social Self● <The self is fundamentally social in nature.=
Self-esteem
● The overall pos or neg evaluation people have of themselves
● Trait self-esteem, State self-esteem
○ Small or big fluctuations (Peaks & Valleys)
● What causes State self-esteem fluctuations?
○ Doing poorly on a quiz
Doing well on a hard exam, organizing rooms at home, helping family friends, doing well in a
race
● Contingencies of self-work
○ Perceived success of domains of contingency
○ Perceived failure in domains of contingency
■ Family support
■ Academic competence
■ Competition
■ Virtue
■ Social approval
■ Physical appearance
■ Religious identity
Cost and benefits
1. Academics(B: high self-esteem when doing well; C: too focused on something and forget
to acknowledge other things going on)
2. Social Approval (B: Can easily make friends; C: Can get too cough up on what others
think and say, lack of authenticity)
3. Appearance (B: Feeling good about yourself, Confident; C: Too consumed on what you
look like and not actually being yourself)
*Costs: mentally exhausting
Sociometer Hypothesis
● Social acceptance (Peak)
○ Doing well in academics
● Social rejection (Valley)
○ Doing poorly
The role of Construal
● Social Situation→Construal→Self-esteem
Self Enhancement
● Self Enhancing strategies
○ Self-serving construal
○ Self-affirmation
○ Downward social comparison
○ Sabotaging others
○ Self-presentation
○ Self-handicapping
, 1. Self-serving construal
● Better than average effect
● Self-serving attributional bias
○ Internal attribution for success (it was all me)
○ External attribution for failure (not my fault)
2. Self-affirmation
● Following a self-esteem threat, affirming a valued aspect of the self unrelated to
the threat
3. Downward social comparison
● Comparing oneself to someone worse off
4. Sabotaging others
5. Self-presentation
6. Self-handicapping
Order effects
Primacy effect
● A type of order effect:the disproportionate influence on judgemenr by information
presented first in body of evidence
Recency effect
● A type of eoder effect: the disproportionate influence on judgement by info presented last
in body of evidence
Positive vs negative framing
● <Torture=/ <enhanced interrogation=
● <War department=/ <Department of Defense=
Temporal framong
● Constual level theory
● Theory about the relationship between psychological distance and abstract or concrete
thinking: psychologically distant actions and events are though about in abstract terms,
whereas actions and events that are close ar hand are though about in concrete terms.
Confirmation Bias
● The tendency to test an idea by searching for evidence that would support it
○ Can lead to false beliefs because people may fail to disconfirming information
Heuristics
● Intuitive mental opertaions, performed quickly and automatically, that provide effeicient
answers to common…
The availability heuristic
● The process whereby judgements of frequency or probability are bases on how readily
pertinent instances come to mind
○ Accessibility may be influenced by personal attitudes, cultural learning, or recent
exposure
Representativeness Heuristic
● The process by which judgements of likelihood are based on assessments…
Misleading seconhabd information
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