Nurse 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
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2 Study Guide with complete solutions.
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Pathophysiology and clinical implications of folate deficient anemia
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Folic acid is required for RBC synthesis, when lacking, cell continues to
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grow- but not mature, will get large and be destroyed in the bone
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marrow a-
Monitor nutritional status of patients, elderly are easily malnourished
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ETOH dependent may need supplementation
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Leukocytosis a-a- a- Increase in number of total WBC a- a- a- a- a-
Risk factors for multiple myeloma
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Males more common
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Around 6th decade of life
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Leukopenia a-a- a- Decrease in number of total WBC a- a- a- a- a-
Neutrophilia- definition and causes a- a- a- a-a- a- Elevated neutrophil count a- a-
From bacterial infections, inflammation, and necrotic tissue
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Neutropenia- definition and causes a- a- a- a-a- a- Decreased # of neutrophils a- a- a-
From liver disease, viral infections, drugs
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,Risk factors and CM of folate deficient anemia
a- a- a- a- a- a- a- a-a- a- Risk: malnourished,
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alcoholic a-
CM: beefy red tongue, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss
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Risk factors and CM of iron deficient anemia
a- a- Risk: PUD, excessive
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menstruation, occult GI bleed, inadequate dietary intake, Meds with GI
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bleed risk a-
CM: fatigue, hypoxia, SOB, pale tissues, glossitis, spoon shaped nails
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Pathophysiology and clinical implications of iron deficient anemia
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Microcytic
Iron is necessary for production of hgb. Iron stores are depleted and less
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hgb is produced, results in small RBCs
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Most common worldwide, usially from chronic blood loss or pregnancy,
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more common in women
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Leukotrines Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the
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inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes,
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and eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular.
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Prostaglandins Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced
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by the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at
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site of injury, pain, and fever.
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, Chemotactic factors Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to
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the site of inflammation
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Neutrophils Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages
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of acute inflammation
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Monocytes Become macrophages when entering the tissue,
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responsible for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell
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immunity and B-cell immunity.
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Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
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Cytokine IL1 function
a- Causes fever, activates phagocytes &
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lymphocytes and also increases the release of IL6a
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Cytokine IL6 function
a- Stimulates production of acute phase reactants
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and promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
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Cytokine TNF function
a- Causes fever, increases synthesis of
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proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces
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thrombosis
Cytokine growth factor function
a- a- a- a-a- Promotes production and
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maturation of neutrophils a- a-
