NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Quiz 1
How are cells specialized? – through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? – movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
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How are cells specialized? – through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? – movement, conductivity,
metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and
communication
What are the three general components of a eukaryotic cell? – the plasma
membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles
What causes the release of lysosomal enzymes? – Cellular injury causing cellular
self-digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? – the largest membrane-bound
organelle, usually located in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are
cell division and control of genetic information
What is Cytoplasm? – an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between
the nucleus and the plasma membrane
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? – a network
of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane,
specializing in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components for most
organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? – a network of smooth
membranes and vesicles near the nucleus, responsible for processing and
packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? – saclike structures originating from
the Golgi complex containing digestive enzymes, responsible for digesting cellular
substances into their basic forms like amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
, What are peroxisomes? – involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease – Proteins, the cell's major workhorses, can
cause diseases if misfolded
What are mitochondria responsible for? – Mitochondria contain the metabolic
machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (ATP production)
What is the cytoskeleton? – the "bone and muscle" of the cell, composed of a
network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
What is the plasma membrane? – encloses the cell and influences metabolic
pathways by controlling the movement of substances
What is signal transduction? – The transfer of molecular signals from the
exterior to the interior of a cell. Failure can result in apoptosis
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? – Protein homeostasis,
defined by the proteostasis network, is composed of ribosomes (makers),
chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown systems. Malfunction can cause
diseases
What do protein receptors do? – Protein receptors on the plasma membrane
enable cell interactions with other cells and extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? – (1) the extracellular
membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the plasma membrane, and (3)
specialized cell junctions
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? – (1) fibrous
structural proteins (collagen, elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3)
proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix regulates cell growth, movement,
and differentiation
How do cells communicate? – (1) form protein channels (gap junctions), (2)
display receptors affecting intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical
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