Sociology in Action: Chapters 1-14 Exam Study Guide.
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Course
Sociology
Institution
Sociology
Sociology in Action: Chapters 1-14 Exam
Study Guide.
Sociology - answerthe scientific study of society, including how individuals both shape and
are shaped by society
Sociological Eye - answerenables you to see what others may not notice. It allows you to peer
beneath the surface of a situatio...
Sociology in Action: Chapters 1-14 Exam
Study Guide.
Sociology - answer✔the scientific study of society, including how individuals both shape and
are shaped by society
Sociological Eye - answer✔enables you to see what others may not notice. It allows you to peer
beneath the surface of a situation and discern social patterns
Sociological Imagination - answer✔the ability to connect what is happening in your own life
and in the lives of other individuals to social patterns in the larger society.
Generalizations - answer✔statements used to describe groups of people or things in general
terms, with the understanding that there can always be exceptions.
Stereotypes - answer✔predetermined ideas about particular groups of people that are passed on
through hearsay or small samples and held regardless of evidence.
Core Commitments - answer✔The first core commitment of sociology is to use the sociological
eye to observe social patterns. The second requires noticing patterns of injustice and taking
action to challenge those patterns.
Theory - answer✔a set of ideas used to explain how or why certain social patterns occur.
Theoretical Perspectives - answer✔groups of theories that share certain common ways of
"seeing" how society works.
Structural Functionalism - answer✔view of modern societies as consisting of interdependent
parts of working together for the good of the whole.
Social Solidarity - answer✔moral order of society.
Mechanical Solidarity - answer✔solidarity derived from the similarity of its members.
Organic Solidarity - answer✔solidarity where societies operate like a living organism, with
various parts, each specializing in only certain tasks but dependent on the others for survival.
Social Harmony - answer✔occurs when a society with organic solidarity is "healthy," where
the parts of the society are working well together.
Social Institutions - answer✔sets of statuses and roles that focus on one central aspect of
society.
Micro Level of Analysis - answer✔focuses on either an individual or small groups.
Macro Level of Analysis - answer✔focuses on the overall social structure of society and large-
scale societal forces.
Manifest Functions - answer✔obvious and stated reasons that a social institution exists.
Latent Functions - answer✔unintended consequences of an institution.
Dysfunctions - answer✔unintended consequences of behavioral patterns.
Unit of Analysis - answer✔what is being examined.
Social Change - answer✔large-scale, macroscopic, structural shifts in society.
Conflict Theory/Conflict Perspective - answer✔tensions and conflicts arise when resources,
status, and power are not distributed equitably; these conflicts then become the driving force for
social change.
Bourgeoisie - answer✔the rich owners of the means of production.
Means of Production - answer✔the technology and materials needed to product products.
Proletariat - answer✔the workers, those who do not own the means of production.
False Consciousness - answer✔Marx's theory that the proletariat did not understand how they
were being mistreated and misled by the owners of the means of production.
Species Being - answer✔the unique potential to imagine and then create what is imagined.
Alienation - answer✔theoretical concept to describe isolating, dehumanizing, and
disenchanting effects of working within a capitalist system of production.
True Consciousness - answer✔when the proletariat are no longer in false consciousness and are
aware of how they are being mistreated and misled.
Communism - answer✔under Karl Marx's conceptualization of communism, all citizens would
be equal and able to fulfill their species being.
Symbolic Interactionism - answer✔viewing society as a social construction, continually
constructed and reconstructed by individuals through their use of shared symbols.
Self - answer✔sense of self, the knowledge that she or he is unique, separate from every other
human.
Culture - answer✔the characteristics of a group or society that make it distinct from other
groups and society or the way of life of a particular group of people.
Primary Socialization - answer✔socialization that occurs in childhood, the most intense time
for socialization.
Primary Groups - answer✔small collections of people of which a person is a member, usually
for life, and in which deep emotional ties develop.
Social Actors - answer✔individuals involved in interactions.
Social Scripts - answer✔the interactional rules that people use to guide an interaction.
Props - answer✔material objects.
Front Stage - answer✔where an interaction actually takes place.
Back Stage - answer✔where one prepares for an interaction.
Presentation of Self - answer✔efforts to shape the physical, verbal, visual, and gestural
messages that we give to others to achieve impression management.
Social Construction - answer✔holds that every society creates norms, values, objects, and
symbols that it finds meaningful and useful.
Research - answer✔systematic process of data collection for the purpose of producing
knowledge.
Empirical - answer✔empirical statements are those that could hypothetically be proven true or
false.
Normative - answer✔commonly accepted as the appropriate.
Basic Research - answer✔research directed at gaining fundamental knowledge about some
issue.
Applied Research - answer✔research designed to produce results that are immediately useful in
relation to some real-world situation.
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