Dysrhythmia PHCY310 Exam Questions With Correct Answers.
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Course
PHCY310
Institution
PHCY310
Dysrhythmia PHCY310 Exam Questions
With Correct Answers.
Arrhythmia definition - answerAn abnormal heart rhythm
Epidemiology for age - answer5% of all people > 65 years old in NZ have AF
Higher risk for mortality - answer4-5 fold increase in stroke, 3-4 fold increase in HF, 2 fold
increase ...
Epidemiology for age - answer✔5% of all people > 65 years old in NZ have AF
Higher risk for mortality - answer✔4-5 fold increase in stroke, 3-4 fold increase in HF, 2 fold
increase in MI and dementia
Why treat arrhythmia - answer✔Can live with them but comes with exaggerated consequences,
therefore need to actively treat it to prevent complications from happening
Ventricular arrhythmia epidemiology - answer✔Less common and much more life threatening.
50-100/100,000 sudden cardiac death per year (USA/Europe)
Importance for pharmacy - answer✔Many drugs cause dysrhythmias, many drug interactions
involved in drugs that are used to treat it, principles of treatment vary from other conditions
using EBM and it is common but not talked about
Normal conduction - answer✔SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle -> Left/Right bundle
branches -> Purkinje fibers
Sinoatrial node (SA node) - answer✔Natural pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium
(near entrance of superior vena cava) determining HR
SA node impulse spread - answer✔SA node impulses spread throughout both atria and
stimulate them to contract
Atrioventricular node (AV node) - answer✔Serves as an electrical gateway to the ventricles
delaying the passage of electrical impulses - located on opposite side of right atrium near AV
valve
AV node impulse spread - answer✔Receives signals from the SA node, pauses them for a bit
allowing the atria to contract and eject all the blood into the ventricles before passing impulses
onto the AV bundle
AV bundle - answer✔Also called the bundle of His located in the upper septum passing signals
onto the AV bundle fibers
Purkinje fibers - answer✔Take signals from the bundle branches and move them upwards along
the outer ventricle walls throughout the myocardium for ventricular ejection of blood out the
heart
ECG meaning - answer✔Electrocardiogram
ECG use - answer✔Can record electrical activities of the heart being a composite recording of
all the AP's produced by the nodes and cells. Each wave/segment corresponds to an event of the
cardiac electrical cycle
P wave of ECG - answer✔SA node firing when atria are full of blood and depolarisation of the
atria
When systole starts - answer✔Systole starts 100 millisecs after the P wave begins
PQ segment of ECG - answer✔The time it takes for the electrical signals to travel from the SA
node to the AV node
QRS complex of ECG - answer✔Firing of AV node and ventricular depolarisation. Atrial
repolarisation also occurs at this time but signal is obscured by the large QRS complex
Q wave of ECG - answer✔Interventricular septum depolarisation
R wave of ECG - answer✔Depolarisation of the main ventricle mass
S wave of ECG - answer✔Last phase of ventricular depolarisation at the base of the heart
ST segment of ECG - answer✔Plateau in myocardial AP when ventricles contract and pump
blood out of the heart (ejection)
T wave of ECG - answer✔Ventricular repolarisation immediately before relaxation/diastole
Arrhythmia mechanisms - answer✔Abnormal impulse formation and abnormal conduction
Abnormal impulse formation - answer✔Increase automaticity and triggered activity
Increased automaticity - answer✔Most common form of abnormal impulse formation with cells
outside the SA node firing spontaneously (all have intrinsic ability to make charge and fire them)
Triggered activity - answer✔More rare than increased automaticity. Cells contract twice despite
being activated once caused by after depolarisations (early/late) due to electrical instability in
myocardial cell membrane
Abnormal conduction - answer✔Conduction delay and re-entry (signal conducted by both
fast/slow pathway)
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