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Uofa Psychology 105 Midterm 1 With Complete Solutions
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Uofa Psychology 105 Midterm 1 With Complete Solutions
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Uofa Psychology 105 Midterm 1 WithComplete Solutions
Empiricism Answer: Basing knowledge on observations
Theory Answer: A summary statement, a general principle, or set of principles about a class of
events. Can be very specific or very broad (or anywhere in between).
Deduction Answer: Start with a theory and leads you to more observations (e.g. collect data)
Induction Answer: Start with data and leads you to a theory
Parsimony Answer: Include as few assumptions as possible.Can keep a theory simpler and more
organized. Prefer the simplest theory, or explanation. Although _________ is ideal, sometimes we need
assumptions, or boundaries.
Observer Ratings Answer: An assessment in which someone else produces information about the
person being assessed
Self-Report Answer: An assessment in which people make ratings pertaining to themselves (e.g.
how one feels).
Correlation Answer: A relationship in which two variables or dimensions co-vary when measured
repeatedly. There is a direction to ________: positive or negative, and also a strength to a ________.
The strength refers to how closely associated the two variables are.
, Third Variable Problem Answer: The possibility that an unmeasured variable caused variations in
both of two correlated variables.
Confounding Variable Answer: Addition variable, or a nuisance variable, that may influence our
dependent variable or varies systematically with our independent or predictor variable.
Person Confound Answer: Something inside the person that we didn't measure (e.g. Narcissism -> #
of status updates)
Environmental Confound Answer: External variables that we did not measure
Establishing Causality: Covariation Answer: Need to observe that changes in one variable
correspond to changes in another variable
Establishing Causality: Temporal Sequence Answer: Changes in the first variable must precede
changes in the second variable
Establishing Causality: Eliminate Confounds Answer: Ruling out other plausible causes of an event
before concluding that one thing is the cause of another
Independent Variable Answer: The variable manipulated in an experiment and tested as the cause
in a cause-effect relationship. Need at least two levels, or conditions (e.g. litter size = 'LARGE' or 'SMALL')
Dependent Variable Answer: The variable measured as the outcome of an experiment; the effect in
a cause-effect relationship.
Random Assignment Answer: The process of putting people randomly into groups of an experiment
so their characteristics, or individual differences balance out across groups.
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