TruGreen Pesticide Certification 6 3a & 3b Questions Answered
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Abiotic disorder - ANS A non-pest plant stress such as improper nutrition, too much or
too little water, winter or frost injury
Action threshold - ANS the pest density at which action (such as pesticide application) is
justified to prevent further damage.
Adelaide - ANS An insect closely related to aphids that feed on conifers. Their feeding
often causes galls to form.
Aesthetic injury level - ANS the point at which damage from a pest becomes noticeable
enough to negatively affect the visible quality of the plant. This may vary, based in part
on the distance the plant is located from walkways. (And therefore, on the likelihood of
the damage being observed.
Air blast sprayer - ANS Pesticide application equipment that uses a stream of air from a
fan to break up and distribute the pesticide onto the plant that is being treated.
Allelopathy/allelopathic - ANS When one plant species suppresses the growth of
another. For example, walnut trees produce chemicals that will not allow plants to grow
under their canopies.
Annual - ANS A plant that completes its life cycle and dies in a single year or growing
season.
Bacteria - ANS A group of single-celled microorganisms, of which there are typically 40
million in a gram of soil. A few species are the causes of diseases such as fire blight
and leaf spot in plants.
Bactericide - ANS A pesticide used to manage a disease cause by bacteria
Balled and burlapped - ANS A standard method used to wrap a tree or shrub rootball
with burlap to keep the soil around the roots when digging the plant from the field to
move it for transplanting. Often, larger trees will have a wire mesh placed around the
burlap to provide more support for transporting. The wire mesh should be removed prior
to planting. The burlap should (optimally) be removed as much as possible also, as
amany types of modern burlap contains synthetic fibers that will not rot. If the burlap is
natural fibers it should at least be removed from the top one-third of the rootball to avoid
the burlap being exposed to the air and wicking moisture from the roots. Also called
B&B.
Basal Drench - ANS The mixing of a pesticide in a small volume of water and applying
to a 12-18 inch strip around the base of a tree or shrub. These compounds are normally
systemic and are absorbed by the roots of the plant.
,Beauveria bassiana - ANS A naturally occurring fungus that attacks a number of insects
and has been formulated as an insecticide.
Beneficial Insect - ANS Insects that eat or develop inside or on pest insects. Sometimes
just referred to as "beneficials." Beneficial insects do not damage landscape plants.
Biennial - ANS A plant with a two-year life cycle.
Biochemical pesticide - ANS A biologically derived chemical such as insect sex
pheromones that are used for pest control. They have the advantages of being non-
toxic and specific for controlling a particular species of pest.
Biocide - ANS A substance that kills biological organisms.
Biological control - ANS A method of controlling a pest by encouraging and using
natural controls such as parasitism, predation, and naturally occuring diseases.
Biomagnification - ANS A situation in which a predatory organism continues to absorb
pesticde as it eats prey that has been exposed to nonlethal levels of pesticide; the
accumulation of pesticide in the predator can lead to its death.
Biopesticide - ANS Pesticides cerived from natural materials such as animals, plants,
bacteria and certain minerals.
Broad-spectrum - ANS A pesticde that affectsx a wide range of target species.
Broad-spectrum fungicide - ANS A fingicide that controls a wide range of fungal
organisms.
Broadcast application - ANS A pesticide applied to a large area over all of the plants.
Budbreak - ANS The timme when dormant buds open into leaves or flowers.
Bulb - ANS An underground plant stem (such as an onion or tulip) that is surrounded by
fleshy leaves that are modified to store nutrients.
Calibration - ANS the process of adjusting pesticide application equipment to apply a
specific amount of pesticide at a specific rate over a specific area.
Cambium - ANS The layer of the tree immediately below the bark that contains
embryonic tissue. It is the actively growing part of the tree.
Cankers - ANS Irregular areas of damaged, diseased or dead tissue on the trunk and
stems of woody plants. These may be various colorgs and may be moist or dry.
, Chemosterilants - ANS A chemical compound that causes reproductive sterility in an
organism.
Chlorosis - ANS A condition in which leaves are not producing chlorophyll and are
yellowed, often caused by a nutrient deficiency.
Chlorotic - ANS When the leaves of a plant exhibit yellowing.
Cold temerature hardiness - ANS The ability of a plant to withstand the extremes of
temperature during the winter for a particular area of the country. The U.S. Department
of Agriculture has developed zone maps to indicate parts of the country that are subject
to roughly the same extremes of cold temperatures. Plants are rated as to the hardiness
zones in which they are able to survive.
Commercial applicator - ANS A person who has been certified by the State of Michigan
to apply pesticides for hire. In Michigan, any individual who is applying pesticides for
hire on property they do not own and where they are not being supervised by the
property owner of the owner's representative (such as on a farm or nursery) must be
certified as a commercial applicator.
Complete metamorphosis - ANS The type of development exhibited by more
evolutionarily advanced insects in which the larva is very different from the adult. It goes
through a change via the pupa stage before emerging as an adult.
Conidia - ANS An asexually produced single-celled reporductive or resting body
produced by a fungus.
Conk - ANS A shelf-like structure of wood-decaying fungi that contains fungal fruiting
bodies.
Contact fungicide - ANS Fungicides that stay on the surface of the plant parts and do
not move through the tissues of the plant. They must contact the fungus on the plant or
prevent it from entering the plant by forming a barrier to work.
Cornicles - ANS The pair of "tailpipes" on the top and to the rear of the abdomen that
are unique to aphids. Cornicles produce alarm chemicals to warn other aphids of
approaching danger.
Cotyledon - ANS A significant part of the embryo of a plant seed. Cotyledons may
become the first "leaves" of a plant and may be photosynthetic, althought they are not
true leaves. Monocots such as grasses have a single cotyledon and dicots such as
broadleaved plants have two cotyledons.
Creeping perennials - ANS Plants that repoduce by way of underground plant parts
such as rhizomes, stolons, tubers (swollen underground stems", bulbs and creeping
roots.
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