What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an
aneurysm?
Obstructs the vessel
Increases nitric oxide
Causes ischemia of the intima
Erodes the vessel wall
- Correct Answer - erodes vessel wall
What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in
atherosclerosis?
,LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation.
LDLs decrease levels of inflammatory plagues.
LDLs cause regression of atherosclerotic plaques.
LDLs direct macrophages away from the endothelium.
- Correct Answer - LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation.
Within the arterial wall subintima, oxidized LDLs stimulate
macrophage foam cell formation and proinflammatory pathways,
which lead to smooth muscle proliferation, fatty streak creation,
and eventual fibrous plaque overlays
Which factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium
associated with hypertension?
Angiotensin II
Insulin resistance
Adducin
Increased norepinephrine - Correct Answer - Angiotensin 2
Most cardiovascular developments occur between which weeks of
gestation?
Fourth and seventh weeks
Twelfth and fourteenth weeks
Fifteenth and seventeenth weeks
Eighth and tenth weeks - Correct Answer - 4-7
,Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by
children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) to relieve
hypoxic spells?
Squatting
Lying on their left side
Performing the Valsalva maneuver
Hyperventilating - Correct Answer - squatting
Spontaneous squatting helps relieve hypercyanotic events in
older children through increasing systemic vascular resistance,
decreasing venous blood return. This provides a larger amount of
oxygenated blood for the body and leads to the temporary
reversal of blood through the ventricular septal defect (VSD),
which results in increased pulmonary flow. Squatting is rarely
seen clinically because most TOF defects are diagnosed and
surgically repaired in infancy
Which condition is consistent with the cardiac defect of
transposition of the great vessels?
An intermittent murmur is present.
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
The aorta arises from the right ventricle.
, The pulmonary trunk arises from the right ventricle. - Correct
Answer - The aorta arises from the right ventricle.
Which term identifies the movement of blood into and out of the
capillary beds of the lungs to body organs and tissues?
Perfusion
Diffusion
Respiration
Ventilation - Correct Answer - perfusion
What is the mechanism of defense for the alveolar macrophages?
To trap and remove foreign particles from inspired air
To ingest and remove bacteria from the alveoli by phagocytosis
To propel entrapped particles toward the oropharynx
To maintain a constant temperature of gas entering the lungs -
Correct Answer - To ingest and remove bacteria from the alveoli
by phagocytosis
If an individual aspirates, where would a nurse expect abnormal
breath sounds?
Left upper lung
Trachea
Left lower lung
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