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Praxis II general science Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions

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  • Praxis 5435

Praxis II general science Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions matter - Answer️️ -anything that has mass and occupies volume matter is made up of atoms and molecules ionic nature of matter - Answer️️ -Ions are formed when atoms, or groups of atoms, lose or gain electrons. Metals l...

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  • September 16, 2024
  • 38
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • Praxis 5435
  • Praxis 5435
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Praxis II general science Exam Study
Guide with Complete Solutions


matter - Answer✔️✔️-anything that has mass and occupies volume


matter is made up of atoms and molecules

ionic nature of matter - Answer✔️✔️-Ions are formed when atoms, or groups of atoms,

lose or gain electrons.

Metals lose some of their electrons to form positively charged ions, e.g. Fe+2, Al+3,

Cu+2, etc.

Nonmetals gain electrons and form negatively charged ions, e.g. Cl-, O-2, S-2, etc.

physical properties of matter - Answer✔️✔️-Physical property changes of matter do not

produce a new substance

Intensive: the same regardless of the amount of matter

* density: m/v

* color: The pigment or shade

* conductivity: electricity to flow through the substance

* malleability: if a substance can be flattened

* luster: how shiny the substance looks

melting and freezing point

Extensive: will change if the amount of matter changes.

* mass: how much matter in the sample


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* volume: How much space the sample takes up

* length: How long the sample is

chemical properties of matter - Answer✔️✔️-any of a material's properties that becomes

evident during a chemical reaction-any quality that can be established only by changing

a substance's chemical identity

* Reactivity against other chemical substances

* Heat of combustion

* Enthalpy of formation

* Toxicity

* Chemical stability in a given environment

* Flammability

* Preferred oxidation state(s)

* Coordination number

* Capability to undergo a certain set of transformations, for ex chemical combination,

redox reactions

* Preferred types of chemical bonds to form, for example metallic, ionic, covalent

organization of matter - Answer✔️✔️-pure substance: no separation by physical means

chemical element: pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom

distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus

chemical compound: pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different

chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions

Solutions: molecules that are mixed up in a completely even distribution, homogenous

systems


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mixture: substances held together by physical forces, not chemical, can be

homogeneous and heterogeneous

A homogeneous mixture is called a solution

Elements - Answer✔️✔️-pure chemical substance, one type of atom, distinguished by its

atomic number (Z), the number of protons in its nucleus

# of protons determines chemical properties

Mass number (A) is the number of nucleons (p+N) in nucleus

Oxygen most abundant on earth, Hydrogen most abundant in universe

Elements with atomic numbers 83 or higher are inherently unstable, and undergo

radioactive decay

The abundance of the lightest elements is well predicted by the standard cosmological

model, since they were produced shortly after the Big Bang, in a process known as Big

Bang nucleosynthesis. Heavier elements were mostly produced much later, inside stars.

chemical change - Answer✔️✔️-* Decomposition

* Neutralization (Mixing acid+base=water and a salt).

* Photosynthesis -co2 and water are changed into sugars.

* Cooking examples: cake, pancakes, and eggs/bacon

* Oxidation examples: rust or tarnishing

* Ripening examples: bananas, tomatoes or potatoes

Evidence

* Change of odor

* Change of color




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