Inductive Reasoning - Inductive - moves from the specific to the general
From a set of observations to the discovery of a pattern among them
"why something happens" -> "whether it actually does"
Purposes of Research - Explore - examine an issue or policy about which little is known
Describe ...
CCJ 4700 - Exam 1
Inductive Reasoning - Inductive - moves from the specific to the general
From a set of observations to the discovery of a pattern among them
"why something happens" -> "whether it actually does"
Purposes of Research - Explore - examine an issue or policy about which little is known
Describe - observe and describe the scope of a problem or policy response
Explain - answer "why?"
Apply - Applied research is often used to evaluate the effects of specific criminal justice programs
Two major types of applied research:
- Evaluation research
Comparing program goals to results
- Policy analysis Anticipate future consequences of alternative actions
What is tradition? Give an example. - Things that "everybody knows"
Ex: Driving on the left side of the road in the U.S. is dangerous
What is authority? Give an example. - Trusting the judgement of someone with special expertise
Ex: You are more likely to believe a judge regarding your driver's license suspension than your parents
Errors in Personal Human Inquiry - Inaccurate Observation - overcome by using measurement
devices
Overgeneralization - overcome by replicating the study to see if you get the same results
Selective Observation - specify in advance the number and types of observations
, What is the research process? - Problem or Objective - Describes what will be studied
Literature Review - Summarizes the prior research on the topic
Research Questions - Specifies what the research will answer
Subjects For Study - Whom or what will be studied
Measurement - Identifies the key variables of the study
Data Collection Methods - Explains how observations will be collected
Analysis - Specifies how the observations will be analyzed
References - List of materials consulted and cited
Schedule - A timeline for the various stages of the proposal
Budget - Species where money to support the research will be spent
Social Scientific Theory - Discovering what is, not what should be
- Cannot settle debates on value
- Problematic with evaluators
Ex: What constitutes a good parole officer?
Social science aims to find... - Patterns of regularity in social life created by norms, rules, and
observations
What are the two realities that explain how we know what we know? - Experiential - direct
experience
Agreement - what we've been told
What kind of patterns do social regularities represent? - Probabilistic
What are more often the subject of social science research? - Aggregates
What does social science distinguish? - The difference between the activities criminal justice
researchers do from the daily routines of most criminal justice practitioners
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ACADEMICMATERIALS. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
