BIOC 3560 Final exam || with questions and answers ||
verified answers graded A+|| latest update 2024/225
Glucose is an excellent fuel that yields ______kJ/mol - CORRECT ANSWER ; -
2840
Which steps in glycolysis are exergonic under cellular conditions? - CORRECT
ANSWER ; 1,3,10
What is glycolysis reactants and products? - CORRECT ANSWER ; React: 1
glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
Prod: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
Catabolism usually _______ while anabolism usually _______ - CORRECT
ANSWER ; converging, diverging
Rate limiting steps usually have a high ratio of _______to _______, and a large -
CORRECT ANSWER ; substrate to product, negative delta G
How do cells overcome problem of having to regulate every single enzyme in a
pathway? - CORRECT ANSWER ; They only focus on enzymes for rate limiting
steps
Hexokinase is _______ _______ by its product - CORRECT ANSWER ;
allosterically inhibited
,In muscle, hexokinase ____ is expressed and is inhibited by _________ -
CORRECT ANSWER ; I, Glucose-6P
In liver, hexokinase ____ is expressed and inhibited by ___________, causing
_________ to _________ HK4 in the _________ - CORRECT ANSWER ; 4,
Fructose-6P, glucokinase to sequester in the nucleus
Compared to hexokinase I, hexokinase 4 has a poor _____, allowing it to be more
sensitive to changes in _______ _______ - CORRECT ANSWER ; Kd, blood
sugar
What commits F6P to glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER ; PFK-1
4 ways of allosteric regulation of PFK-1 - CORRECT ANSWER ; ATP lowers
affinity for F6P, ADP and AMP relives ATP inhibition, Citrate increases inhibition
by ATP, F26BP strong activator
Pyruvate kinase transfers ____ from ______ to ______ - CORRECT ANSWER ;
Pi, PEP, ADP
Pyruvate kinase is inhibited by (4) and positively modulated by _____ -
CORRECT ANSWER ; High ATP, Acetyl-CoA, long chain FA and alanine,
F16BP
The liver isoform of PK is also subject to _________ by ______ phosphorylation -
CORRECT ANSWER ; Inactivation by PKA
Describe step 1 of gluconeogenesis (pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate) -
CORRECT ANSWER ; 1. Pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate and ATP to
oxaloacetate and ADP
,2. Malate dehydrogenase reduces OAA and NADH to L-malate and NAD+
3. Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase oxidizes malate and NAD+ back to OAA and
NADH
4. PEP carboxykinase oxidativily decarboxylates OAA and GTP to
phosphoenolpyruvate, GDP and CO2
Why is malate an intermediate in gluconeogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWER ;
Oxaloacetate and NADH cannot pass mitochondrial membrane
What happens when lactate is feedstock? - CORRECT ANSWER ; Doesn't need
NADH so liver PEP produces PEP directly
Step 8 of gluconeogenesis is conversion of _______ to _______ by ____________
- CORRECT ANSWER ; F16BP to F6P by F1,6-bisphosphatase
Step 10 of gluconeogenesis is conversion of ________ to ______ by ______ -
CORRECT ANSWER ; G6P to glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase
Gluconeogenesis is ______, it costs ____ ATP, ___ GTP and _____ NADH -
CORRECT ANSWER ; expensive, 4, 2, 2
What does gluconeogenesis allow? - CORRECT ANSWER ; Generation of
glucose when glycogen stores are depleted... important as brain, nervous, and RBC
only rely on glucose
FBPase-1 is negatively modulated by (2) - CORRECT ANSWER ; F26BP and
AMP
, F26BP acts on both ______ and ______ in a reciprocal manner - CORRECT
ANSWER ; PFK-1 and FBPase-1
F26BP is controlled by opposing enzymes _______ and _______ - CORRECT
ANSWER ; PFK-2 (+) and FBPase-2 (-)
What is unique about PFK-2 and FBPase-2? - CORRECT ANSWER ; It is a
bifunctional protein
How does gluconeogenesis occur in liver but glycolysis in other tissues? -
CORRECT ANSWER ; Differently regulated enzymes
How is FBPase-2 regulated in the liver? PFK-2 in the heart? - CORRECT
ANSWER ; Phosphorylation of Ser32 vs. Phosphorylation of Ser406 and Thr475
What does low ATP favour? - CORRECT ANSWER ; Glycolysis
What are two main products of pentose phosphate pathway and roles? -
CORRECT ANSWER ; NADPH (electron donor) and ribose 5-phosphate
(precursor for nucleotides)
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