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BIOL 319 FINAL EXAM REVIEW – COHN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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BIOL 319 FINAL EXAM REVIEW – COHN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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BIOL 319 FINAL EXAM REVIEW – COHNQUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2024
AnatomyRdefinitionR-RANSWERRisRtheRstudyRofRtheRstructuresRofRtheRbody.RSTRUCTURE
PhysiologyRdefinitionR-RANSWERRisRtheRstudyRofRtheRfunctionRofRtheRbody.RFUNCTION
UnderstandRhowRanatomyRandRphysiologyRareRdifferentRsubjects,RbutRareR"joinedRatRtheRhip".R-
RANSWERRYouRcannotRhaveRanatomyRwithoutRphysiologyRandRviceRversa
GrossRanatomyRdefinitionR-
RANSWERRanatomyRthatRyouRcanRstudyRwithoutRtheRaidRofRaRmicroscope.RYouRcanRphysicallyRholdRtheRstruc
tureRinRyourRhandRandRseeRitRwithRtheRnakedReye.RsubcategoryRorRanatomyRandRitRisRtheRstudyRofRlargeRbod
yRstructures.
HistologyRdefinitionR-
RANSWERRtheRstudyRofRtissuesRandRitRrequiresRtheRuseRofRlightRandRelectronRmicroscopesRinRorderRtoRseeRt
heRtissuesRstructures.
whatRisRusedRtoRsliceRtissuesRinRhistology?R-RANSWERRmicrotome
RegionalRanatomyRdefinitionR-
RANSWERR"theRbodyRisRstudiedRareaRbyRarea".RusedRinRmostRmedicalRprofessions
systemicRanatomyRdefintionR-
RANSWERR"theRbodyRisRstudiedRsystemRbyRsystem".RusedRinRintroductoryRclassesRlikeRthisRone.
WhatRaboutRblendingRtheRregionalR&RsystemicRapproaches?R-
RANSWERRWithinReachRregion,RallRsystemsRareRstudiedRsimultaneously.
,AreRregionalRandRsystemicRapproachesRsubcategoriesRofRgross?R-
RANSWERRyes,RregionalRisRstudyingRtheRbodyRareaRbyRarea.RSystemicRisRstudyingRtheRbodyRsystemRbyRsyste
m.
HowRisRourRcourseRanR"integrative"Rapproach?R-
RANSWERRtakingRthemRandRformingRthemRtogether;RRelatingRstructureRandRfunctionRtogether.RyouRcan'tRst
udyRstructureRwithoutRfunction
chemicalRlevelRofRA&PR-RANSWERRatomsRcombinedRtoRformRmolecules
cellularRlevelRofRA&PR-
RANSWERRthoseRmoleculesRformRorganellesR(suchRasRnucleusR&Rmitochondria)RthatRmakeRupRcellsRinRourRb
ody
tissueRlevelRofRA&PR-
RANSWERRsimilarRcellsR&RsurroundingRmaterialRmakeRupRtissueR(suchRasRsmoothRmuscleRtissue)
organRlevelRofRA&PR-RANSWERRdifferentRtissuesRcombineRtoRformRorgans,RlikeRtheRurinaryRbladder
OrganRdefinitionR-RANSWERRstructureRthat'sRcomposedRofRatRleastR2RtissuesRandRhasRaRspecificRfunction.R
ExR→RurinaryRbladderRhasRepithelialRtissueR(innermost),RconnectiveRtissueR(toRprovideRrigidity),RandRsmoot
hRmuscleRtissue
organRsystemRlevelRofRA&PR-
RANSWERRorgansRthatRserveRtheRsameRendRfunctionR(urinaryRbladder)RmakeRupRorganRsystem.R
Ex-
RUrinaryRsystemRconsistsRofRtheRbladder,Rkidney,Rureter,RurethraRandRtheyRallRhaveRaRspecificRfunctionRtoRhe
lpRexcreteRurine.
organismRlevelRofRA&PR-RANSWERRorganRsystemsRmakeRupRanRorganism
KnowRtheRfourRmajorRcategoriesRofRmacromolecules.RIsRthisRanRoversimplificationR(hint:RmoleculesRinRtheR
extracellularRmatrixRofRbone)?R-RANSWERRCarbohydrates,Rlipids,Rproteins,RnucleicRacids
,CarbohydratesR-
RANSWERR"organicRmoleculesRcomposedRprimarilyRofRcarbon,Rhydrogen,RandRoxygenRatomsRandRrangeRinRs
izeRfromRsmallRtoRveryRlarge."RmostRhaveRaR2:1RratioRofRcarbon:Rhydrogen,RlikeRwater.RtheyRareRpolarRsolven
ts.
carbohydratesRfunctionsR-RANSWERR1.RtheyRareRpartsRofRotherRorganicRmolecules.R
2.RtheyRareRbrokenRdownRtoRprovideRenergy.R
3.RwhenRundigestedRtheyRprovideRbulkRinRfeces
lipidsR-
RANSWERR"majorRgroupRofRorganicRmoleculesRthatRareRdefinedRasRbeingRrelativelyRinsolubleRinRwater"RbutR
dissolvedRinRnonpolarRsubstancesRlikeRalcoholRorRacetone.RalsoR"primarilyRcomposedRofRcarbon,Rhydrogen,
RandRoxygenRbutRhaveRaRlowerRratioRofRoxygenRtoRcarbonRthanRdoRcarbohydrates."
lipidsRfunctionsR-
RANSWERRFunctionsRincludeRprotection,Rinsulation,RregulationRofRsteroidRhormonesRlikeRestrogenRandRtest
osterone,RintakeRofRfat-
solubleRvitamins,RtheRstructureRofRcellRmembranes,RandRlongRtermRstorageRofRenergy.
proteinsR-RANSWERRorganicRmacromoleculesRthatRcontainRcarbon,Rhydrogen,Roxygen,Rand
proteinsRfunctionsR-
RANSWERR1.RregulationR:RenzymesRcontrolRchemicalRreactions.RhormonesRregulateRmanyRphysiologicalRpro
cesses.
2.Rtransport:RhemoglobinRtransportsRoxygenRandRcarbonRdioxideRinRtheRblood.RplasmaRproteinsRtransportR
otherRsubstancesRinRtheRblood.RproteinRinRplasmaRmembranesRcontrolRtheRmovementRofRmaterialsRinRandR
outRofRtheRcell.
3.Rprotection:RantibodiesRprotectRagainstRmicroorganismsRandRotherRforeignRsubstances
4.Rcontraction:RactinRandRmyosinRinRtheRmuscleRareRresponsibleRforRcontraction.R
5.Rstructure:RcollagenRfibersRformRaRstructuralRframeworkRinRmanyRpartsRofRtheRbody.RkeratinRaddsRstrengt
hRtoRtheRskin,Rhair,RandRnails.
6.Renergy:RproteinsRcanRbeRbrokenRdownRforRenergy;RperRunitRofRweightRtheyRaddRasRmuchRenergyRasRcarb
ohydratesRdo
, nucleicRacidR-
RANSWERRaRcomplexRorganicRsubstanceRpresentRinRlivingRcells,RespeciallyRDNARorRRNA,RwhoseRmoleculesRc
onsistRofRmanyRnucleotidesRlinkedRinRaRlongRchain.RcomposedRofRcarbon,Rhydrogen,Roxygen,Rnitrogen,RandR
phosphorus.
nucleicRacidsRfunctionsR-RANSWERRstoreRandRtransmitRgeneticRinformation
WhatRelementsRareRamongRtheRmajorRcategoriesRofRmacromolecules?R-RANSWERRC,O,H,N
WhatRisRtheRprominenceRofRH20RinRtheRbody?R-
RANSWERRWaterRisRtheRmostRabundantRmoleculeRinRtheRbodyRandRwaterRisRaboutR66%RofRyourRbodyRweigh
t.
WhatRisRtheRfunctionRofRH20RinRtheRbody?R-
RANSWERRProtectsRbodyRorgansRandRtissues.RCarriesRnutrientsRandRoxygenRtoRcells.RLubricatesRjoints.RLess
ensRburdenRtheRonRkidneysRandRliverRbyRflushingRoutRwasteRproducts
TissueRdefinitionR-
RANSWERRARtissueRisRaRgroupRofRcells,RinRcloseRproximity,RorganizedRtoRperformRoneRorRmoreRspecificRfuncti
ons.
WhatRareRtheRfourRmajorRcategoriesRofRtissue?R-
RANSWERRTheRfourRmajorRcategoriesRareRepithelial,Rconnective,Rmuscle,RandRnervous
epithelialRtissueRdefinitionR-RANSWERRARbodyRtissueRthatRcoversRtheRsurfacesRofRtheRbody,RinsideRandRout
connectiveRtissueRdefinitionR-
RANSWERRARbodyRtissueRthatRprovidesRsupportRforRtheRbodyRandRconnectsRallRofRitsRparts
muscularRtissueRdefinitionR-RANSWERRContractsRandRmovesRtheRvariousRpartsRofRtheRbody.
nervousRtissueRdefintionR-RANSWERRTissueRthatRsensesRstimuliRandRtransmitsRsignals.
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