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CFI (verified questions & answers)What Presolo requirements must be met: ANS --Receive and log flight training § 61.87(c) and 61.87(d)
through 61.87(m)
-Complete a knowledge test (refer to § 61.87(b)).
-Demonstrate satisfactory aeronautical knowledge and an acceptable performance level IAW § 61.87(b).
-Solo endorsement per § 61.87(n) every 90 days.
-Endorsement stating student received the required flight training to operate an aircraft in solo flight at
night.
What XC solo endorsements are required? ANS -Endorsement that student has received the training
required by § 61.93(e) through 61.93(m), has demonstrated acceptable skills, abilities, and competency
to his/her instructor who then would endorse the student's logbook in accordance with § 61.93(c).
Night VFR equipment Requirements ANS -FLAPS:
Fuses
Landing Light (for hire)
Anti-Collision Lights
Position Lights
Source of power
Day VFR Equipment Requirements ANS -A TOMATO FLAMES
A - airspeed indicator
T - tachometer (for each engine)
O - oil pressure gauge (for each engine using a pressure system)
M - manifold pressure gauge (for each altitude engine)
A - altimeter
T - temperature gauge (for each liquid cooled engine)
O - oil temperature gauge (for each air cooled engine)
F - fuel gauge
,L - landing gear position indicator
A - anti collision lights (for aircraft certified after March 11th 1996)
M - magnetic compass
E - ELT
S - safety belts
Definition of Night Time ANS -(61.57) Period beginning 1hr after sunset and ending 1hr before sunrise
Night Flight Requirements to carry passengers ANS -Three takeoffs and landings to a full stop in an
aircraft of the same category, class, and type within the last 90 days.
Normal vs. Utility Category ANS -◾Normal: (a) Seating configuration, excluding pilot seats, of nine or
less, a maximum certificated t/o weight of 12,500 pounds or less, and intended for non-acrobatic
operation.
Non-acrobatic operation includes:
◾Any maneuver incident to normal flying
◾Stalls (except whip stalls)
◾Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, in which the angle of bank is not more than 60 degrees.
◾Utility: (b) Seating configuration, excluding pilot seats, of nine or less, a maximum certificated takeoff
weight of 12,500 pounds or less, and intended for limited acrobatic operation. Airplanes certificated in
the utility category may be used in any of the operations covered under paragraph (a) of this section and
in limited acrobatic operations. Limited acrobatic operation includes:
◾ Spins (if approved for the particular type of airplane); and
◾Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, or similar maneuvers, in which the angle of bank is more than
60 degrees but not more than 90 degrees
What is P-Factor (1 of 4 left turning tendencies) ANS -P-factor is the term for asymmetric propeller
loading, that causes the airplane to yaw to the left when at high angles of attack. One side of the prop is
making more lift than the other.
,What is Torque (1 of 4 left turning tendencies) ANS -Newton's Law: "For every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction," such that the propeller, if turning clockwise (when viewed from the cockpit),
imparts a tendency for the aircraft to rotate counterclockwise. Since most single engine aircraft have
propellers rotating clockwise, they rotate to the left, pushing the left wing down.
1. Pressure on left landing gear on takeoff - turn to left
2. Left roll on take-off
What is Gyroscopic Precession (1 of 4 left turning tendencies) ANS -A spinning propeller is essentially a
gyroscope, which is a spinning disc. That means it has the two properties of a gyroscope: rigidity in space
and precession.
Here's how it works: you apply a force to one point of the disc, and the effect of that force (the resultant
force) is felt 90 degrees in the direction of rotation of the disc.
For the most part, this only applies to tailwheel airplanes when they lift their tail off the runway during
takeoff. As the tail comes up, a force is applied to the top of the propeller. And since the propeller is
spinning clockwise, that force is felt 90 degrees to the right. That forward moving force, on the right side
of the propeller, creates a yawing motion to the left.
What is slipstream (one of 4 left turning tendencies) ANS -It happens when your prop is moving fast and
your plane is moving slow. And there's no better example of this than takeoff.
During takeoff, air accelerated behind the prop (known as the slipstream) follows a corkscrew pattern.
As it wraps itself around the fuselage of your plane, it hits the left side of your aircraft's tail, creating a
yawing motion, and making the aircraft yaw left.
Name all control surfaces and the corresponding axis ANS -Horizontal Stabilizer or stabilator - Lateral
axis (controls pitch)
Ailrons - Longitudinal axis (controls roll)
Rudder - Vertical axis (controls yaw)
4 fundamentals of flight ANS -Straight and Level
, Straight and Level turns
Straight and Level transition to a Climb
Straight and level transition to a Descent
Class A Airspace ANS -Typically 18000 to FL60
IFR only (must be current/equipped)
>24000 ft MSL, DME required
Includes airspace overlying the waters within 12 NM of the coast of the 48 contiguous states and Alaska
Class B Airspace ANS -Surface to 10000 MSL
30 Nautical Miles
Controlled
Mode C veil
ATC Permission to enter
Equipment: Altimeter with Mode C, two-way radio
3 and COC
Class C Airspace ANS -Surface to 4000 AGL (5NM)
Outer ring 1200 to 4000 (5NM)
Controlled
know weather (e.g. ATIS phonetic - information Alpha)
Establish two-way communication
Equipment: Altimeter with Mode C, two-way radio
3 152
Class D Airspace ANS -Surface to typically 2500 AGL (4NM)
Controlled
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