Psy 658 Exam Study Guide.
Temperament - answerearly-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-
regulation. The traits that makeup temperament are believed to form the cornerstone of the adult
personality.
Reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, a...
Temperament - answer✔✔early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-
regulation. The traits that makeup temperament are believed to form the cornerstone of the adult
personality.
Reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention and motor activity
Self-Regulation refers to strategies that modify reactivity. p190
Parallel Play - answer✔✔A form of limited social participation in which a child plays near other
children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior.
Distinguished from nonsocial activity, associative play and cooperative play. p263
Teratogens - answer✔✔any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.
p81
Puberty - answer✔✔Biological changes at adolescence that lead to an adult-sized body and
sexual maturity. p367
Reflex - answer✔✔An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation. p101
Learned Helplessness - answer✔✔Attribution of success to external factors such as luck; and
failure to low ability, which is fixed and cannot be improved through effort.
Distinguished from Mastery-Oriented Attributions. p339
Joint Attention - answer✔✔A state in which the child attends to the same object or event as the
caregiver, who often labels it. Contributes to early language development. p176
Bicultural Identity - answer✔✔The identity constructed by exploring and adopting values from
both the individual's subculture and dominant culture. p412
Secure Attachment - answer✔✔The attachment pattern characterizing infants who use the parent
as a secure base from which to explore. They may be distressed by parental separation, but
convey clear pleasure and are easily comforted when the parent returns.
Distinguished from insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant and disorganized/disoriented
attachment. p198
Lateralization - answer✔✔Specialization of function in the two hemispheres of the cerebral
cortex.
Left Hemisphere responsible for verbal and written language and positive emotion.
Right Hemisphere responsible for spatial abilities and negative emotions.
p121
Gender Identity - answer✔✔an image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in
characteristics. p279
Traditional Classroom - answer✔✔a classroom in which the teacher is the sole authority for
knowledge, rules, and decision making.
Students are relatively passive learners whose progress is evaluated by how well they keep pace
with a uniform set of standards for their grade.
Distinguished from constructivist and social-constructivist classrooms. p324
Plasticity - answer✔✔Openness of development to change in response to influential experiences.
p50
Metacognition - answer✔✔Thinking about Thought
Conscious awareness of mental activities. p241
Zone of Proximal Development - answer✔✔In Sociocultural Theory - a range of tasks too
difficult for a child to handle alone, but possible with the help of more skilled partners. p166
Imaginary Audience - answer✔✔adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's
attention and concern. p392
Scaffolding - answer✔✔Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the
learner's current level of performance. As competence increases, support is gradually and
sensitively withdrawn; turning responsibility over to the learner. p235
Obesity - answer✔✔A greater than 20% increase over a healthy weight.
Based on BMI - a ratio of weight to height associated with body fat. p295
Neurons - answer✔✔Nerve cells that store and transmit information. p117
Theory - answer✔✔An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts
behavior. p5
Contrast Sensitivity - answer✔✔A general principle accounting for early pattern preferences,
which states that if babies can detect a difference in contrast between two or more patterns, they
will prefer the one with more contrast. p141
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